Diabetes Flashcards
What is a diabetes?
A metabolic disorder, where there’s
Is absence, deficit or resistance to insulin leading to hyperglycaemia.
What is type 1 diabetes and who is normally diagnosed ?
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, which is linked to a viral infection and autoimmune disease as well as family history.
It is when beta cells are destroyed by the autoimmune process.
It is normally diagnosed in children and young adults.
What is type 2 diabetes?
Non-insulin dependant diabetes mellitus, which is linked with obesity, age, ethnicity, hyper tension, poor lifestyle and diet.
The beta cell function is stopped and sensitivity to insulin is impeded. However lifestyle changes can prevent it or delay it.
What cells can be found in the islets of langerhans, and where is this islet of langerhans?
Alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells
They are located in the endocrine tissue within the pancreas.
What do alpha cells do?
Alpha cells secrete hormone glucagon which causes your liver to produce more glycogen as well as suppressing insulin secretion.
Therefore it is important in between meals.
What do beta cells do?
These secrete insulin, which promotes glucose utilisation meaning blood glucose can be used appropriately with the presence of insulin.
What do delta cells do?
Secrete somatostatin and gastrin, which regulate the alpha and beta cells. Therefore can suppress the release of insulin and glucagon.
What type of cells are pancreatic acini?
Digestive cells secreting digestive enzymes, they are exocrine cells.
What happens in people without diabetes when they eat food?
Carbohydrates raises the blood sugar levels, this is detected by the pancreas which signals B cells to secrete insulin, this sends messages to working cells to allow them to let glucose in to the cells to be used for activity.
What occurs in people with type 1 diabetes when they eat food?
Carbohydrates raise the blood sugar/ glucose levels. However the pancreas doesn’t detect this increase, also beta cells have been destroyed or do not secrete insulin so the blood sugar levels continue to rise causing hyperglycaemia. The working cells do not receive any glucose and so they become fatigue and the individual will fall into a diabetic coma.
What occurs when people with type 2 diabetes eat food?
The carbohydrates increase the blood sugar levels and this is detected by the pancreas however the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, some beta cells are working so some glucose is absorbed by cells for metabolic functions however not enough for the blood sugar levels to be reduced to a normal level, so hyperglycaemia occurs but takes much longer.
Or the pancreas does produce enough insulin but due to carrying to much adipose tissue the glucose can’t get into the functiong tissues as it is blocked.
How can type 2 diabetes be managed?
HIITS training, starvation diet, insulin tablets.
How can type 1 diabetes be managed?
Insulin injections.
What are the complications of diabetes?
Neuropathies as nerves in the PNS are damaged due to too much blood glucose.
Healing is also affected due to the high blood glucose, leading to narcosis.
Unable to feel pain.
Diabetic retinopathy’s (causing blindness).
Frequent urination.
High risk of heart attacks, strokes and kidney failure.
Higher MSK pain
