Cancer Flashcards

Question

What are the risk factors of red and processed meats and the initiating factors?

Answer 1

1/4 male and 1/6 female bowel cancer linked to eating it. Initiating factors= Haem stimulates gut bacteria to produce N-nitroso compounds. Nitrates in the processed meats are also converted into N-nitroso compounds. These compounds irritate and damage the bowel epithelial cells causing increased devision and risk of mutations. Cook red meats at high temperatures produces cancer causing amines.

Answer 2

Cigarettes contain many poisonous chemicals that damage the dna in lung cells, risk factors increase with the length of time smoked rather than amount. Chromium and aromatic hydrocarbons damage cellular DNA, arsenic and nickel prevent DNA repair, and so there is a reduced immune system response to damaged cells.

Answer 3

Alcohols is associated with breast, bowl and lung cancer and is a high carcinogenic factor. Having one drink (1.5 units) per day increases risk by 5%. Initiating factors= Breast cancer- increases oestrogen so increases risk of breast cancer. Lung cancer- increases the absorption of the carcinogenic substances from smoking. Bowel cancer- alcohol is converted into acetaldehyde which damages DNA and stops the repair process. Aswell as causing reactive oxygen species in cells which damages DNA.

Answer 4

Obesity is linked to 13 types of cancer and 1/5 children are overweight before primary school. Obese children often become obese adults and being obese in childhood makes irreversible changes in the child’s body increasing the risk. Initiating factors= obesity causes chronic inflammation and attracts immune cells. Also it causes an increase in oestrogen and insulin levels within the body which can lead to cancer,

Answer 5

Being on holiday, fair skinned, having freckles and moles and having light hair all are risk factors. Initiating factors= UVA rays age the skin where as UVB rays cause sunburn which damages the skin cells DNA.

Answer 6

A promoting factor is something which trigger the initiating factor to become cancer. Examples are continuous prescience of oestrogen, smoking and chronic inflammation.

Answer 7

Painfull breasts, change in shape and size, inverted nipples, lumps or hardening around the armpit,change in texture of nipples, redness, rash and discharge.

Answer 8

``` Passing urine more frequently, Getting up in the night, Unable to pass urine, Urgency, Leaking, Raised PSA, Blood in urine. ```

Answer 9

``` Persistent cough for more than 3 weeks, Changes in a long term cough, Blood in sputum, Loss of appetite, Fatigue, Pain in chest, SOB, Weight loss, ```

Answer 10

``` Bleeding from rectum, Blood in stools, Changes in bowel habits, Losing weight, SOB, Painful abdomen and bowel, Fatigue, Bowel obstruction. ```

Answer 11

``` Dark moles, Irregular shaped moles Raised moles, Irregular shapes and colour, Asymmetry, ```

Answer 12

``` Colectomy, Lobectomy, Pneumonectomy, Prostatectomy, Mastectomy, ```

Answer 13

Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Hormone targeted therapy, Surgery

Answer 14

``` Tiredness, Nausea and vomiting, Hair loss, Anaemia, Bruising, Bleeding, Loss of appetite, Sore mouth, Skin and nails changes, Concentration and memory problems, Sleep problems, Sex and fertility problems, Diarrhoea and constipation, Emotional problems, ```

Answer 15

``` Tiredness, Nausea and vomiting, Hair loss, Anaemia, Bruising, Bleeding, Loss of appetite, Sore mouth, Skin and nails changes, Concentration and memory problems, Sleep problems, Sex and fertility problems, Diarrhoea and constipation, Emotional problems, Lymphedema, Stiff joints and muscles ```