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Pathophysiology 2 > Cardiac Disease > Flashcards

Cardiac Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

A

General term for conditions affecting the heart and its blood vessels… aswell as damage to the brain kidneys and eyes.

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2
Q

Name types of CVD?

A

Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) and transient Ischaemic attacks (TIA’S)
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
Aortic disease

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3
Q

What are the other names for coronary heart disease?

A

Ischaemic heart disease,

Coronary artiery disease.

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4
Q

What is CHD?

A

A disease where the coronary arteries are blocked or narrowed. It includes angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure

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5
Q

What is the prevalence of CHD?

A

Most common cause of death, 180 deaths per day in the uk

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6
Q

What are the risk facto s of CHD?

A

Age, gender, social deprivation, smoking,diet, exercise, alcohol, blood pressure, cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, stress levels, ethnicity, family history.

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7
Q

When will symptoms,show in individuals with CHD, and what are the symptoms?

A

Only appear when a coronary artery is 70-75% blocked,

Pain, discomfort, tightness numbness or burning in chest shcoukders back abdomen and upper body, 
Dizziness,
SOB,
Fatigue and weakness,
Indigestion and heartburn,
Palpitations,
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8
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain due to inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle. Transient.

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9
Q

What are the types of angina?

A

Stable, unstable, variant and micro vascular.

Stable= happens at predictable time eg.stress or exercise
Unstable= happens when no particular demand is being placed on the heart
Variant= when coronary artiery goes into spasm 
Microvascular= affects smallest of vessels.
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10
Q

What treatments are given for angina?

A

Medications, lifestyles, and surgery

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11
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Blood supplying the oxygen to the heart is severely reduced or cut off. Results in Ischaemia of the heart muscle and scar formation… if this occurs for long period of time heart muscle death occurs and there is a reduced ability for the heart to function.

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12
Q

How do we detect a myocardial infarction?

A 
Cardiac enzymes (troponin and crating kinase) detected in Blood test,
ECG will show elevated ST, inversion of T wave, enlarged Q
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13
Q

Consequences of MI?

A 
Death,
Irregular contractility of the heart due to loss of contractikity due to scar tissue,
Cardiogenic shock,
Thrombus formation, 
Ruptures.
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14
Q

What is the prognosis for MI?

A

80%survive initially 20% die,

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15
Q

What treatments can be given as treatment for MI?

A

Drugs, vasodilators, surgery including stents

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16
Q

Where does the most blockages occur in MI’s?

A

Left coronary territory artery

17
Q

What is coronary heat failure?

A

When the heart is unable to adequately pump blood around the body because of weakness of stiffness of the heart.

18
Q

What causes heart failure?

A 
MI,
Hypertension,
Damaged vessels,
Cardio myopathies,
Damaged valves,
Viral infections,
Excessive alcohol,
Congenital conditions.
19
Q

What symptoms are experienced by coronary shaft failure patients?

A

SOB on exertion and at rest,
Swollen feet and ankles,
Fatigue and feeling week

20
Q

What is heart valve disease?

A

Affects any 4 valves in the heart affecting the flow of blood:
Stenosis or narrowing= valve doesn’t fully open obstructing the flow of blood
Leaky valve= valve doesn’t close properly resulting in blood leaking backwards.

due to congenital heart disease, rheumatic fever, cardiomyopathy, MI, endocarditis, aging…

21
Q

What are the types of cardiac operations?

A

CABG ( coronary artery bypass graft),
Valve replacement,
Heart transplants,
Repair of congenital heart defects.

22
Q

What is coronary artery bypass graft?

A

A surgical procedure used To treatment coronary heart disease
It involves bypassing a blocked promotion of the coronary artery using another piece of blood vessel.

23
Q

What is the procedure of CABG?

A

Requires general anistetic ,
Incision Made via median sternum,
Heart is stopped during the procedure by cooling agent (causing cardioplegia),
Patient is out in heart lung bypass machine to oxygenate the body,
Bypass is made using other blood vessel placed below and beneath the blockage,

24
Q

What common arteries are used for CABG?

A

Saphenous vein, radial artery, left of right internal thoracic artery.

25
Q

What complications can occur of CABG?

A 
Post operative MI,
Bleeding,
Low cardiac output,
Lower lobe collapses,
Infections,
Non union sternum,
Pneumothorax,
Pericardial tamponade (bleeding around the heart which compresses heart which is life threatening),
Wound infections,
Clot formation,
26
Q

How do physiotherapist help CABG patients?

A

Techniques to decrease WOB, increase lung volume, secretion clearance,

Pathophysiology 2 (17 decks)

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