Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes Mellatus

A

An illness when blood glucose levels are not controlled

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2
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

High blood glucose concentration

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3
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Low blood glucose concentration

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4
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Immune system kills B cells in the islets of langerhans and can’t make insulin, so hyperglycaemia stays high and kidneys can’t remove all glucose from urine

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5
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity/ lack of excercies- B cells don’t make insulin, liver cells and muscles stop responding to insulin

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6
Q

Second messengers

A

Hormones e.g adrenaline are complementary to the receptor protein in cell membrane of target cell. Enzyme ardently cyclate is added. Converts atp to cAMP. cAMP activates an enzyme called protein kinase A

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7
Q

Unltrafiltration

A

High hydrostatic pressure, afferent arteriole is wider than efferent arteriolar, small molecules are forced into bow and capsule to form filtrate

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8
Q

Where are there gaps in ultrafiltration

A

In cappilary walls, basement membranes, in prodocytes

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9
Q

What is selective reabsorbtion

A

Useful products are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate mostly by the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

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10
Q

What makes the glomerular filtrate

A

Ultrafiltration

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11
Q

What’s the order of the stages in the loop of henle

A

Ascending limb
Descending limb
Collecting duct

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12
Q

What happens in the ascending limb

A

Na, cl pumped out by active transport, decreases the water potential in medulla, impermeable to water so can’t leave by osmosis

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13
Q

What happens in the descending limb

A

Permeable to water, water moves out by osmosis, absorbed into cappilary, increase concentration of urine

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14
Q

What happens in the collecting duct

A

ADH changes the permeability of waterm more ADH less piss

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15
Q

The length of the loop of henle

A

The layered the loop of henle, the more concentrated the medulla- more water is reabsorbed and more concentrated urine

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16
Q

What occurs in osmoregulation

A

Dehydrated(low water potential)- detected by osmoreceptors in hypo- posterior pituitary secretes ADH-carried in blood- binds to protein receptors on collecting duct-increases their permeability to water-water moves out of collecting duct by osmosis-medulla has low wp

17
Q

What happens if there is more ADH

A

Collecting duct wall more permeable to water, more water moves out of capillary duct by osmosis, less piss