Diabetes Flashcards
Diabetes Mellatus
An illness when blood glucose levels are not controlled
Hyperglycaemia
High blood glucose concentration
Hypoglycaemia
Low blood glucose concentration
Type 1 diabetes
Immune system kills B cells in the islets of langerhans and can’t make insulin, so hyperglycaemia stays high and kidneys can’t remove all glucose from urine
Type 2 diabetes
Obesity/ lack of excercies- B cells don’t make insulin, liver cells and muscles stop responding to insulin
Second messengers
Hormones e.g adrenaline are complementary to the receptor protein in cell membrane of target cell. Enzyme ardently cyclate is added. Converts atp to cAMP. cAMP activates an enzyme called protein kinase A
Unltrafiltration
High hydrostatic pressure, afferent arteriole is wider than efferent arteriolar, small molecules are forced into bow and capsule to form filtrate
Where are there gaps in ultrafiltration
In cappilary walls, basement membranes, in prodocytes
What is selective reabsorbtion
Useful products are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate mostly by the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
What makes the glomerular filtrate
Ultrafiltration
What’s the order of the stages in the loop of henle
Ascending limb
Descending limb
Collecting duct
What happens in the ascending limb
Na, cl pumped out by active transport, decreases the water potential in medulla, impermeable to water so can’t leave by osmosis
What happens in the descending limb
Permeable to water, water moves out by osmosis, absorbed into cappilary, increase concentration of urine
What happens in the collecting duct
ADH changes the permeability of waterm more ADH less piss
The length of the loop of henle
The layered the loop of henle, the more concentrated the medulla- more water is reabsorbed and more concentrated urine
What occurs in osmoregulation
Dehydrated(low water potential)- detected by osmoreceptors in hypo- posterior pituitary secretes ADH-carried in blood- binds to protein receptors on collecting duct-increases their permeability to water-water moves out of collecting duct by osmosis-medulla has low wp
What happens if there is more ADH
Collecting duct wall more permeable to water, more water moves out of capillary duct by osmosis, less piss
