Diabetes Flashcards
1
Q
What other conditions are associated with diabetes?
A
- High BP
- High cholesterol
2
Q
What is the normal blood glucose level? What can go wrong?
A
- Normal: 5mmol/l
- Low: 11mmol/l hyperglycaemia
3
Q
What are signs & symptoms of diabetes?
A
- Thirst
- Polyuria
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Dry mouth
- Glycosuria
- Hyperglycaemia
4
Q
How is diabetes diagnosed?
A
- Diabetic symptoms
- Random high blood glucose >11.1
- Fasting blood/plasma glucose >7mmol/l
- 75g OGTT (glucose tolerance test) with 2 plasma readings >11.1
- HbA1c 48mmol/mol
5
Q
What investigations can be done for suspected diabetes?
A
- HbA1c (glycated Hb)
- Renal function
- Liver function
- Lipids
- Thyroid function
6
Q
What types of diabetes are there?
A
- Type 1: insulin dependant
- Type 2
- LADA (autoimmune)
- Pancreatic disorders
- Drug induced
- Endocrine disorders
- Ethnic variants of diabetes
- Genetic syndromes
7
Q
How does type 1 diabetes occur? How is it diagnosed?
A
- Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells
- Lymphocytic infiltration of islets of langerhans (insulitis)
- Autoantibody tests: GAD, IA2, ICA
8
Q
Describe LADA
A
- Older patients
- Usually female
- Autoantibodies GAD, TPO, ICA, tTG
- Presents as type 2
- Medical or family related
- Progressive deterioration in control-increasing therapy
- Related conditions: thyroid, Addison’s, vitiligo, coeliac
9
Q
What is the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes?
A
- Insulin resistant/deficient
- Family history
- Often obese/overweight
- Hypertensive & hyperlipidaemic
10
Q
Describe type 2 diabetes variant: ketosis- prone type 2
A
- Obese ethnic minority
- Ketosis when stressed with intercurrent illness
- Temporarily requites insulin
- Not insulin dependant
11
Q
Name some pancreatic disorders that cause secondary diabetes
A
- Chronic/acute pancreatitis
- Calcific tropical pancreatitis
- Pancreatectomy
- CF
- Haemochromatosis (hereditary iron overload storage disorder)
- Pancreatic cancer
12
Q
What drugs cause drug induced diabetes?
A
- Diuretics
- Steroids
- Antipsychotics (olanzapine)
- Psychiatric drugs= weight gain
13
Q
What endocrine disorders can cause diabetes?
A
- Acromegaly (high growth hormone levels)
- Cushing’s syndrome (high cortisol levels)
- Phaeochromocytoma
14
Q
What are the ethnic variants of diabetes?
A
- J type
- Flatbush
- MRDM (malnutrition)
- Z type
- Chronuc calcific pancreatitis
15
Q
Describe J type diabetes
A
- Jamaican/flatbush
- Ketosis prone
- On & off insulin therapy
