Diabetes

Question 1

what cells produce insulin?

Answer 1

beta cells in the pancreas

Question 2

what is another name for T1DM?

Answer 2

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile.

Question 3

how does T1DM arise?

Answer 3

when beta cells in the pancreas have been damaged or destroyed, and the pancreas is no longer able to produce insulin. Possible relation to auto-immune disease.

Question 4

what is the tx for T1DM?

Answer 4

there is no cure, but constant insulin shots are required to survive.

Question 5

what is another name for T2dM?

Answer 5

non-insulin dependent diabetes meelitus or adult onset diabetes (AODM). The pancreas usually still produces insulin but the bodys cells are not able to use the insulin. (insulin resistance)

Question 6

what is the most common form of diabetes?

Answer 6

1/3 of americans with diabetes are unaware that they have it. 90% of people with diabetes, have T2DM.

Question 7

what is pre-diabetes?

Answer 7

when an individual has blood sugar levels higher than normal but not high enough to be diabetes. this includes IFG, (impaired fasting glucose) and IGT (impaired glucose tolerance)

Question 8

what is IFG>

Answer 8

blood sugar is mildly elevated after an overnight fast

Question 9

what is IGT?

Answer 9

blood sugar is mildly elevated on a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test.

Question 10

what is metabilic syndrome? (insulin resistance syndrome)

Answer 10

its not a disease, but a group of cardiac risk factors often seen together that result in an overall increased risk. 3 of the following 5: abdominal obesity, elevated trig, low HDL, ^ BP and ^ fasting blood sugar.

Question 11

what is GDM?

Answer 11

gestational diabetes mellitus, develops during pregnancy, that resolves after delivery. All women should be screened for GDM between 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy, or earlier if at high risk.

Question 12

how does it related to future diabetes risk

Answer 12

some women develop GDM and do not return to normal blood glucose levels after delivery and are dx with T2DM. Women whos levels do return to normal have a 35-60% change of developing diabetes in the next 10-20 yrs.

Question 13

what is an FBS?

Answer 13

a fasting blood glucose test, is done instead of the glucose tolerance test (faster/cheaper/easier) - a fasting blood glucose of 126mg/dl or more on two separate occasions.

Question 14

what is a glucose tolerance test?

Answer 14

this measures a person’s blood glucose level after fasting and again 2 hours after drinking a high-glucose solutions.

Question 15

whats the best indicator for monitoring blood sugar control?

Answer 15

Glycated hemoglobin HbA1C. the average blood glucose level over a 3 month period.

Question 16

what is the most basic form of treatment for diabetes?

Answer 16

proper diet and exercise program.

Question 17

how does oral medication work in the control of diabetes?

Answer 17

increasing the production of insulin in the pancreas, decreasing the insulin resistance of the body’s cells, or decreasing the bodys ability to absorb glucose from the intestine when food is digested.

Question 18

what is an alternative form of treatment being considered for a cure for T1DM

Answer 18

a pancreas transplant.

Question 19

what are follow-up examinations for diabetics?

Answer 19

regular exams to follow blood sugar, development complications, blood testing, urine checks and retinal exams.

Question 20

what are acute complications of diabetes, related to low blood sugar?

Answer 20

hypoglycemia, can result in seizures, loss of consciousness, ketosis (dehydration/fatigue/nausea/mental confusion) untreated can lead to a coma.

Question 21

what are chronic complications of diabetes?

Answer 21

there are macrovascular complications and microvascular complications, neuropathy (lack of sensation in toes and fingers)

Question 22

what are macrovascular complications?

Answer 22

CAD, CVD, peripheral arterial disease (which lead to amputations) these complications can be revealved by ECGs, Stress trest, echos, angio’s, carotid doppler and other tests.

Question 23

what are microvascular complications?

Answer 23

kidney disease and retinopathy (cause of blindness). these are the earliest indications of vascular diseases.

Question 24

what is the leading cause of renal failure”?

Answer 24

diabetic nephropathy. check this by checking serum creatinine levels on blood profile, or micro/albumin ratio./

Question 25

what is a treatment for diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 25

ACE inhibitors can slow the progression of kidney damage.

Question 26

what is proliferative retinopathy?

Answer 26

advanced condition involving the growth of new blood vessels in the retina. this can be tx with laser therapy, which can delay blindness.

Question 27

why is the prevalence of diabetes increasing

Answer 27

increasing age in the population, sedentary lifestyles, and increasing incidence of obesity

Question 28

Where is diabetes more common? (contries)

Answer 28

In developed countries, but greatest increase of prevalence is expected in developing countries.

Question 29

what are some risk factors that have been identified to increase risk of developing T2DM?

Answer 29

pre-diabetes, hx of GDM, obesity, age. Fx of T2DM may be a factor.

Question 30

what is the largest prevention currently used today?

Answer 30

Diet and exercise.

Question 31

what factors must be considered in determining the mortality or morbidity of an individual with diabetes?

Answer 31

Type of diabetes. (type 1 has ^ risk) 
treatment- (insuline tx is ^ risk)
degree of Blood sugar control 
duration of disease (longer = ^ risk) 
presence of absence of diabetic complications 
co-morbidities -

Question 32

what are co-morbidities of diabetes?

Answer 32

hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking,