Aviation Flashcards
name 6 types of pilot licenses
student recreational sport private commercial airline transport
what language is required for all pilots?
english
what tests are required to be completed for a pilot license?
aeronautical experience
knowledge test
practical test
Currently, how many active pilot certificats are in the US?
610K- only pilots with FAA medical certificates are included in that number
which certified pilot is the most common in the us?
private
what is the average age of active pilots?
45
how long is a student pilot license valid for, whats the minimum age?
24 months, 16,
what are the rules to owning a student license?
obtain a third class medical certificate from an FAA-designated AME, and can fly solo, or with instructor
what are 4 restrictions to owning a recreational pilot certificate
- all flights must be witin 50 nautical miles of the airport where instructions were recieved,
- no more than 1 passanger, in small plane with no more than 4 seats
- strict visual flight rules and limitations,
- can only fly in good clear weather during daylight
when was the sport pilot certificate created?
2004
what plans can you fly with a sport pilot certificate- and how many hours does it take?
single engine, gliders, powered prachutes, gyroplanes, weight-shift control aircraft, airship, and ballons, >20 hours of flight instructions
what are the restrictions to a sport pilot certificate
- cant fly at night
2. cant fly with visibulity
what is the light-sport aircraft definition?
the broad definition includes a single, non-turbine engine and fixed landing gear
what are the rules for obtaining a private pilot certificate
- min 17 yrs. old
- 40 hours of flight with 20 min hours of flight instruction, and 10 or more hours of solo flight.
- its permanent
- must obtain a 3rd class medical certificate from FAA-designated AME. 40 yrs old.
what certificate is needed to be considered a professional pilot? (carry people or cargo for hire)
commercial pilot certificate
what are the rules to getting a commercial pilot certificate
- 18 yrs old
- 250 hours of flying, 100 with pilot in command,
- a second class medical certificate from FAA-designated AME (valid for one year)
how many pilots certified under the commercial pilot certificate are actually employed as commercial pilots?
20%
what certificate is needed to be considered a pilot-in command
airline transport pilot certificate.
what are the rules to obtaining an airline transport pilot certificate?
- 33 yrs old
- 1500 hours of flight as a pilot
- good moral character
- first class medical certificate (valid for 6 months)
what are the 9 pilot licenses and permits that can be obtained in canada
- student
- recreational
- private
- commercial
- airline transport
- glider
- ballon
- gyroplane
- ultra light
in 2008, how many canadians owned licenses and permits for flying?
65K
what is the minimum age for student permit in canada, and for airline transport in canada?
- 14 yrs old
2. 21 yrs old
in US pilots can receive special ratings (except student). This is special conditions, privileges or limitations. What kind of ratings are there- 5?
- aircraft catergorie ratins
- airplane class ratings
- rotorcraft class rating
- lighter than air class ratings
- instrument flight rating
what is VFE- visual flight rules?
governs procedures for conducting flight under visual conditions
what is VMC- visual meterological conditions?
expressed in terms of visiability, distance from clouds, and a cloud ceiling distance. - typical rule is 3 miles ahead and 1000 foot cloud ceiling.
what does an instrument flight rating do?
allows pilots to fly with use of instruments. (altitude, attitude, opperations of aircraft etc)
how can someone obtain their instrument flight rating?
- private pilot certificate
- pass aeronautical experience requirements, + 50 hours as pilot in comand, and 40 hours of actual or simulated instrument time
- pass a practical and writeten exam,
how much of the population is instrument rated?
65% (inclydes commercial and airline transport where its required)
what is a dead man spiral or graveyard spiral and how is it avoided?
this is when the plan drops into a inescapable spin, d/t individual vertigo caused by G force. This is avoided by the use of instruments in the aircraft.
what is special about a sport pilot? - what kind of certificate is needed to fly
theyre allows to fly with a valid divers license, in lieu of medical certificate, but if the individual has ever been denied a certficate they cant use just their license.
do glidders, balloons, and ultralights require a medical certification?
No
How can someone who does not qualify for a first-third class certification be issued a medical certificate?
under the discretion of the Federal air surgeon
what are some disqualifying conditions, regarding a medical certificate?
- CAD, MI, heart condition
- diabetes, - requiring medication
- psychosis, Bipolar, personality disorder
- substance dependence or abuse
- epilepsy, disturbances of consciousness
what procedures are in place to determine that airman duties can be performed without endangering puclib safety. ?
Flight test, practical test, and medical evaluation
What is a SODA (statement of demonstrated Ability)?
its issued to people who dont meet the published standards for medical certification. for poeple who have a disqualifying condition, but can prove to able to preform airman duties without endagering public safety (missing limb, lost sight in one eye)/
what happens when a pilot has already been granted a medical certificate, and has developed a disqualifying medical condition?
the individual must report the condition and not fly until the problem, is resolved.
how can your pilot license be affected by your MVR?
the FAA can deny any application/suspend/revoke if an individual has 2 or more alcohol related convictions in a 3 year period. Pilots must report all drug and alcohol related MV convictions to FAA.
how manyt medical incapitations were accounted for in general aviation accidents?
0.25%, but 1.03% are fetal aviation accidents.
in Canada how many medical certifications classes are there, and what are they called? -
catergory 1, 2, 3, 4. the certificate required depends on the type of license needed. 1 is the highest
who issues the medical certifications in canada
CAME conducts the medical exam, the exam is assessed by the regional aviation medical officer.
if a canadiam medical certificate is denied what are the options for appeal?
- submit additional reports from civil aviation medical examiners, or lab reports
- request that all findings and report be sent to the aviation medical review board
- appeal the decision to the civil aviation tribunal
what are the two types of aviation?
commercial air carriers
general aviation
what is included in commercial air carries?
certified route air carriers major airlines air taxis commuter air carriers supplemental air carries
what is general aviation?
portion of civil aviation which encompasses all facets of aviations except air carries.
name 5 typical examples of general aviation
- private pleasure
- corporate and individual/business
- training
- aerial application
- law enforcement
what 3 categories of civil aviation exist in canada?
commercial
private
state (government owned)
which category of planes/aviation has the lowest fetality rate?
Scheduled air carries.
what is an air taxi?
aircraft operator for hire or compensation (passenger or cargo).
what is a commuter air carrier?
5 round trip / week
min 1 route between two or more points
scheduled
what is the risk of an accident of scheduled vs. non scheduled air carriers?
both the numbers of risks have decreased, but its still 10x riskier in a non-scheduled.
what is type of aviation caterogry is the most fetal?
personal pleasure (also most popular)
what is business general aviation?
individuals (not professional pilots) flying themselves on business, better featlity d/t discipline and controlled cirvumstances seem to make the difference. `
which aviation catergory makes up 16% of all general aviation acitivity, and whats it most likely fetality?
16%, and the fetal risk is low- its mostly fender benders.
when does a student pilot risk of fetality increase?
when they obtain their private license d/t increased exposure and hours flown as well as a lack of experience in adverse weather conditions
what is corporate/executive flying?
use of aircraft owned or leased and operated by a corporation or business firm, to transport person or cargo. This is low fetality d/t high equipment, and high skill pilot.
What type of aviation is considered to have the most skilled pilots?
agricultural pilots. low altitude and changing conditions while adapting to render the spraying of the crops.
whats an additional risk factor u/w should consider with agricultural pilots?
the long term toxicity effects of the toxin exposure onto the pilots. [ the plans used to suck too,(home made equipment) which caused fetalities, but they are better now].
what is a bush pilot?
pilots that fly in remote areas
what problems do bush pilots typically face?
weather conditions
small landing zones
treacherous terrain,
which state has the highest aviation fetalities?
alaska, 1 out of 58 people are pilots. There’re 4x more fetalities in this state than the others.
what has the government done to improve the aviation risk for people in alaska?
created the Capstone program,- uses new technologies to inform pilots of terrain, weather and air traffic. uses GPS and depictions of weather systems and information broadcasting devises to keep pilots aweare.
name two other programs that have been developed that target rural pilots and more isolated community airports and safety
FAA “circle of safety”, and FAAST (FAA safety team)- works on accident related issues around alaska
what is a glider?
a light, engineless aircraft, designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult. It uses air currents (lift) to increase flight time.
what are the rules for flying a glider
plane and pilot have to be certified, medical certification process not required. Theres few fatalities involving thesre planes.
in what acitivites would a helicopter be considered general aviation/
- aerical application/crop dusting
- observation
- air medical
- business
- pleasure
is a fixed wing aircraft or helicopter more riskay?
fixed wing,
what is the typical cause of fatality with helicopters?
mechanical failure.
What are ultralights?
one person flying machines - they operate under a different set of regulations than aircrafts
what are the rules for ultralights?
only used for recreation or sport purpose, and do not need to have any US or foreign certificate. Their compinent parts are not required to meet standards specific for aircraft
what are some u.w concerns regarding ultralights?
homebuilt- and if from kit or factory.
does it have ballistic recovery system (parachut deploy when system malfunctions)
what are the fatality stats and ultralights in canada in 2006?
28 accidents, one was fatality.
how many experimental, amateur built aircrafts are currently licensed by the FAA in the US
21K.
what are the accident stats with amateur build aircrafts?
accounts for 10% of the aviation, and 27% of the accidents. 20% of those accidents happen within the second flight
what is the most common cause, of fatal accident were attributed to what?
pilot error or human factors, [pilots unprepared with their aircraft, specially in lift off and landing) mechanical accidents accounted for 23%
how is an aircraft FAA certified?
the building and documents where it was build need to be revied, and with photographs. > temporary certificate issued >25-40 hrs of flight in secluded areas is required to make sure all is in order.
Who flys an amature aircraft for testing?
the builder or the pilot- EAA recommeneds a pilot, since the builder may lose experience while building, and experience is necessary in testing.
how often are amature and small factory produced aircrafts subject to major condition inspections?
12 months
what two u/w assessments should be considered when evaluating amature aircrafts?
- specific type of operations in which the pilot is involved. (material and technology- lighter is more dangerous)
- pilots experience level- (overall experience and experience flying that aircraft)
who is responsible for dertermining the casue of an accident and for providing safety recommendations to the FAA?
the NTSB report any entities as to how to avoid future accidents due to a specific cause.
who operates the canadian air transportation system?
trasport canada and TSB (transportation safety board).
what is the safest mode of transportation?
Airline flights, a change of a fatality are in the millions! the chances of a passenger death is one in several million.
how many deaths in canada in 2012, with commercial and airlines?
45 accidents with commercial, 6 were fatal, and no fatal accidients with airlines.
how are fatality risk numbers generated?
reported by accidents per 100K flight hours.
name 3 reasons why general aviation is riskier than airliners
- less regulation
- wide variation in certification levels
- fewer cockpit resources
personal flying (47% of general aviation activities) accounts for how many (%) of all fatal accidents?
80%. This is a pretty consistent number.
its 1.32 per 100K hours
what is the cause of fatality in aviation (plane/pilot/conditions/etc)?
75% attribute to action of inactions of the pilot (skill errors vs decision errors)
what is a skill error
doing the right things wrong. - causes most minor accidents
what is a decision error?
dont the wrong things right. An inappropriate alternative may have been selected and is performed to perfection.
what were the 3 primary causes of fatal accidents across all clases of airplanes for 2007?
- weather
- maneuvering flight
- descent/approach
weather-related accidents are more likely to be fatal than accidents with any other cause. what is the fatality to accident ratio?
26/42
what is the major cause of fatal weather-related accidents?
attempted VFR flight into IMC (instrument meterological conditions).
what is the most deadly general aviation environment?
dark, IMC conditions, low to the ground,
what is a maneuvering accident?
preventable measure, where the pilot is responsible for a task other than flying (banner, law enforcement, etc). Most common accident is collisions with terrain, wires, trees
50% of maneuvering accidents occur when?
when flying for personal pleasure, not for work. They happen when pilots are conducting unauthorized aerobatics, buzzing, or low-level flight.
what is a descent/approach accident?
this tasks are sometimes performed when the pilots ability to accomplish these complex tasks are significantly diminished.
Are drug and alcohol and aviation a common cause of fatality?
No, but its important to u/w with caution if hx if disclose or critism.
in 2012, 56% of accidents occured on personal flights. what percentage of accidents were associated for landing and take off?
57% landing, 28% accidents
what is the primary cause of most fatal military accdients?`
pilot error
what should an u/w consider when u/w’ing a military pilot?
- age
- branch of service (naval is higher risk)
- duty assignment (cargo vs. fighter )
what are the 7 concerns, regarding aviation in some foreign countries?
- lack of tranning/certification
- substandard navigational equipment
- lack of appropriate navigational equipment
4 imporper aircraft inspection/maintenance - unreliable weather forecasting and reporting
- acts of terrorism
- hazardous terrain not depicted on aeronautical charts.
what organizations compule data on internation aviation?
ICAO- the united nations technical agency for aviation, with focus on scheduled air trasport. IAOPA represents pulots and aircraft owners in 50 nations, with interest of general aviation
is there an internation agency that tracks general aviation aircraft accident rates?
no. It is difficult and unreliable to get any meaningful comparative accident rate numbers.
where is it common for lower standards for aviation safety?
africa and latin america, - latin american is the worst (by 11x canada/us)
What are the areas of concern in latin american in regards to aviation safety?
- language barriers (english is the international language of aviation)
- radio malfunctions
- poor weather reporting/ forecasting
- inadequate radar
- rescue equipement that does not work
name 4 examples of air safety violations
- violation of air space regulation
- landing without contacting appropriate tower
- using the wrong radio frequency
- forgetting to put the landing gear down ``
what is the most valuable tool when evaluating aviation risk?
aviation questionnaire
what should be included in an aviation questionnaire?
- type of flying
- total number of hours flown, including solo
- total # of hours flown yearly
- pilot certificate, and additional ratings held
- any experimental aircraft flown?
- past aviation accidents or violations
When would you use an aviation exclusion rider?
- policy is rated for reasons other than aviation risk
- significant hx of alcohol, drug use, or depression
- proposed insured is elderly
- proposed insured future aviation activity is indefinite
- extent of potential aviation risk is unknown
- proposed insures ratable aviation acitivity has been terminated within the last year and he does not intend to engage in aviation activity in the future.
at this present time, do the majority of states permit provisions exluding or resticting coverage in the even of death as a result of aviation?
yes
what are the sources of aviation informaiton that can be obtained on the proposed insured at time of underwriting.
- MVR
- application
- aviation questionnaire
3 exam - inspection report
- APS
