Diabetes Flashcards
What organ has both endocrine and exocrine cells ?
Pancreas
What are the exocrine cells of the pancreas?
What do they do?
Acinar cells (exocrine) produce an enzyme-rich juice for digestion
What do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce?
What is its function?
Glucagon
Counteracts the actions of insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production and thereby increases blood glucose levels.
What do the beta cells of the Pancreas produce ?
Produce Insulin
Decrease blood glucose levels
What do the Delta Cells of the Pancreas produce ?
What is it important for ?
Somatostatin
Inhibits both glucagon and insulin.
What do the PP cells of the pancreas do?
What is this important for ?
Produce pancreatic polypeptides
The primary role of PP is to modulate digestion of food by inhibition of gastric emptying as well as biliary secretion (2,3).
What are the ENDOCRINE cells of the pancreas ?
Where are these located ?
- Alpha
- Beta
- Delta
- PP Cells
- Located in the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
What are the effects of insulin ?
What are the effects of Glucagon ?
What happens during hyperglycemia?
What happens during hypoglycaemia ?
Explain Type 1 DM
What antigens are involved?
- Autoimmune - the destruction of B cells results in a lack of insulin.
What antigen can be detected years before symptoms/diagnosis of T1DM?
HLA antibody
Explain T2DM
What is the ideal Hba1c level when you have diabetes?
So what’s the ideal HbA1c level when you have diabetes? It’s 48mmol/mol (6.5%) or below. It’s different if you’ve been told you’re at risk of developing Type 2.
What is Gestational diabetes?
Why does it happen?
Gestational diabetesis high blood sugar (glucose) that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth.
Increased insulin resistance due to pregnancy hormones (Oestrogen, Progesterone, Placental Lactogen).
Hormones increase insulin resistance in the mother
What is latent autoimmune diabetes (LAD)?
What is Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a type of monogenic diabetes first described as a mild and asymptomatic form of diabetes that was observed in non-obese children, adolescents, and young adults.
What is alzheimers diabetes ?
What is the expected HbA1c in
Normal
Pre diabetic
and diabetes ?
What are incretins?
Incretins are peptide hormones produced in the intestine which are released on intake of food and they stimulate insulin release.
Why do people with DM experience polyuria ?
↑ blood glucose causes osmosis and ↑ blood vol and pressure. Leads to ADH and ANP mediated secretion of NaCl and water
Why do people with DM experience polydipsia ?
↑ blood glucose (osmolality) stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, stimulates thirst.
What are the two acute complications of DM ?
Acute
1-Diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA)
2-Diabetic nonketotic Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state(HHS)
What is DKA ? Explain the process.
What are the clinical features of DKA ?
What is the pathogenesis of DKA ?
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state ?
