Diabetes-1

Question 1

what are the 2 main types of diabetes

Answer 1

diabetes insipidus and mellitus

Question 2

what is diabetes insipidus

Answer 2

diuresis due to insufficient ADH production or response in kidney

Question 3

what is diabetes mellitus

Answer 3

osmotic diuresis, spectrum of metabolic disorders involving reduced insulin secretion, reduced responsiveness to insulin, increased glucose production and/or abnormalities in fat and protein metabolism

Question 4

what causes the death in diabetes

Answer 4

the prolonged hyperglycemia leads to chronic complications which contribute significantly to mobidity and mortality

Question 5

what are 3 microvascular complications in diabetes

Answer 5

retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy

Question 6

what is retinopathy

Answer 6

blood vessel damage in eye leading to vision loss/impairment

Question 7

what is neuropathy

Answer 7

peripheral nerve damage

Question 8

what is nephropathy

Answer 8

blood vessel damage in kidneys

Question 9

what is a macrovascular issue with diabees

Answer 9

doubled risk in DM for CV disease

Question 10

what does the body do during fasting to meet fuel demands

Answer 10

oxidation of fatty acids apart from CNS which must use glucose as energy source

Question 11

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 11

breakdown of liver glycogen sotres

Question 12

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 12

creation of glucose, from things like lactate

Question 13

what 2 things provide fasting glucose

Answer 13

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (from liver)

Question 14

what mediates/regulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (from liver)

Answer 14

insulin and glucagon

Question 15

what does insulin do

Answer 15

inhibits hepatic glucose production

Question 16

what do you want your insulin levels to be during fasting and why

Answer 16

fall of insulin levels so you can increase glucose output

Question 17

what does glucagon do

Answer 17

stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and glycaneogenesis to maintain blood glucose during fasting

Question 18

what do you want your glucagon levels to be during fasting and why

Answer 18

high so you can

stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and glycaneogenesis to maintain blood glucose during fasting

Question 19

what is 1 sources in the body for glucose during fasting

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

what is 1 sources in the body for fatty acids during fasting

Answer 20

adipose tissue

Question 21

what are insulin levels during fasting

Answer 21

low

Question 22

what are glucagon levels during fasting

Answer 22

high

Question 23

why are glucagon levels high and insulin low during fasting

Answer 23

to facilitate hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 24

what does low insulin permit during fasting (not sugar related)

Answer 24

permits increased lipolysis in adipose tissue

Question 25

what are gut incretins

Answer 25

gut peptides that are secreted after nutrient intake and stimulate insulin secretion

Question 26

what does increase plasma glucose during feeding trigger

Answer 26

release of gut incretins (like GLP-1) and insulin from pancrease

Question 27

what is an example of a gut incretin

Answer 27

GLP-1

Question 28

what does insulin do to glucose

Answer 28

causes uptake of glucose by liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Question 29

what does insulin do to liver

Answer 29

inhibits hepatic glucose production and lipolysis (increases total glucose oxidation)

Question 30

what does insulin do to glucose oxidation

Answer 30

increases

Question 31

what are the 3 main islets of langerhans

Answer 31

beta, delta, alpha

Question 32

what do beta cells secrete

Answer 32

insulin

Question 33

what % of all islets are beta cells

Answer 33

50%

Question 34

what % of all islets are alpha cells

Answer 34

40%

Question 35

what % of all islets are delta cells

Answer 35

10%

Question 36

what do delta cells release

Answer 36

somatostatin

Question 37

what does somatostatin do

Answer 37

inhibits insulin and glucagon release

Question 38

what does alpha cells release

Answer 38

glucagon

Question 39

what is the role of glucagon

Answer 39

increases insulin secretion but opposes its actions, so increases blood glucose

Question 40

what does GLP-1 do

Answer 40

enhances release of insulin

Question 41

where is GLP-1 released

Answer 41

in the pancreas (islets) and other locations

Question 42

what primarily controls insulin release

Answer 42

blood glucose levels

Question 43

what kind of response is insulin secretion

Answer 43

graded response (higher glucose release = higher insulin release)

Question 44

is oral or iv glucose more effective at releasing insulin and why

Answer 44

oral, because of gut incretins (they act on islets to increase even more release)

Question 45

what are 6 things that increase insulin secretion

Answer 45

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, parasymp stimulation, incretins, sulphonylureas

Question 46

what are sulphonylureas

Answer 46

drugs that stimulate insulin secretion (no matter what your blood sugar levels are)

Question 47

what are 3 things that inhibit insulin secretion

Answer 47

somatostatin, decreased plasma glucose, sympathetic stimulation

Question 48

what does somatostatin do to insulin release

Answer 48

inhibit

Question 49

what does incretins do to insulin release

Answer 49

increase