DFO Set Three Flashcards
What are the three components in the body that work to control homeostasis and how do they work together to maintain homeostasis?
Receptor - Receives sensory input, sends this information to the integration centre
Integration/control centre - Integrates and sorts sensory information, sends appropriate message to effector
Effector - Carries out appropriate response to sensory input, e.g turning music down if it’s too loud
What is produced in the ventricles and surrounds and cushions the brain?
Cerebrospinal fluid
Describe how an action potential is generated, where it is initiated, where it is conducted, and where it terminates along a neuron
Dendrites are stimulated, the action potential is generated in the cell membrane, then initiated in the axon hillock. The AP is conducted along the axon and terminates in the terminal
Name the components that make up a synapse
Pre-synaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, post-synaptic terminal
Identify and briefly describe the two neurotransmitter hypotheses for depression/mood disorders
Monoamine hypothesis: Depression may result from a deficit in seratonin and norepinephrine
Stress symptom hypothesis: Sustained high levels of cortisol lead to natural receptors in hippocampus to break down, inhibiting negative feedback, meaning the stress response continues, causing damage.
Excessive stimulation in of the secondary sensory neuron in the pain pathway may lead to ______, a possible cause of chronic pain
Hyperalgesia/hypersensitisation of the CNS
Pain has specialised sensory receptors in body tissues for detecting stimuli which threaten tissue damage. These are known as ___
Nociceptors
Innervates glands, causing them to secrete
Efferent
Found completely in the brain and spinal cord
Interneuron
Innervates muscles, causing contractions
Efferent
Carries impulses towards spinal cord and brain
Afferent
Connects sensory and motor neurons
Interneuron
Carries sensory impulses only
Afferent
Identify three symptoms of fibromyalgia
Insomnia Headache Irritable bowel syndrome Cognitive and memory problems Numbness and tingling of hands and feet
Under each of the following headings, identify the way in which these areas can be affected by chronic pain: Work, Self-care, Leisure
Work: Cognitive problems, lack of concentration
Self-care: Inability to complete ADL’s due to pain, difficulty sleeping due to pain
Leisure: Not experiencing joy or satisfaction
Fibromyalgia predominantly affects men
False
Phantom pain is an example of musculoskeletal pain
False
Noxious stimuli trigger _____ to send action potentials along _______ into the spinal cord. These then synapse with _______ which ______ and ascend the spinal cord within the _____. In the _______ they synapse with _______ which deliver the information to the _______ and the _____, resulting in the sensation of pain and the emotional response to it.
Nocioceptors Primary sensory neuron Secondary sensory neuron Decussate Spinothalamic tract Thalamus Tertiary sensory neuron Primary somatosensory neuron Limbic system
Describe four types of sensory receptors and what stimulates them
Thermoreceptors - temperature
Mechanoreceptors - touch and pressure
Chemoreceptors - changes in chemical concentrations (taste and smell)
Nocicpetors - danger/pain
You place your whole hand on a hot stove element. Hundreds of thermoreceptor and nociceptor primary afferent neurons are triggered to fire AP’s. Your primary somatosensory cortex receives input from ~10-20 tertiary afferent neurons. This would be an example of which type of neuron network?
Convergent
Describe and give a functional example of neural adaptation
Ability of sensory neuron to change frequency of AP firing in the process of constant stimulus. For example, sitting in a classroom and drowning out the buzzing of the projector - this sound isn’t a threat so it doesn’t require constant response.
