DFO Set Nine

Question 1

Developmental disorders can occur in the prenatal period - which other two periods can developmental disorders occur?

Answer 1

Intrapartum (Immediately before, during, or after birth)

Perinatal (5 months pre and 1 month post-birth)

Question 2

Identify three causes of developmental disorders in the perinatal period

Answer 2

Endocrine disorders
Infection
Poor nutrition
Premature birth

Question 3

Identify and explain the two types of chromosomal disorders and provide an example of each

Answer 3

Numerical abnormality (Down Syndrome, 1 extra chromosome present)
Structural abnormalities (Jacobson's Syndrome)

Question 4

Define Spina Bifida

Answer 4

Neural tube defect

Involves incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and/or their protective coverings

Question 5

Identify and explain the cause of spina bifida

Answer 5

Caused by the failure of the embryo’s neural plate to fold over to form an enclosed neural tube

Question 6

Identify and briefly describe the three types of spina bifida

Answer 6

Spina bifida occulta - hidden, no herniation of the spinal cord or meninges
Meningocele - vertebral arch doesn’t fuse, and herniation of the meninges filled spinal fluid, no abnormalities in the nervou system
Myelomeningocele - vertebral arch doesn’t fuse, herniation occurs, hydromyelia and structural abnormalities in the brain may also occur

Question 7

Identify the condition in this picture

Answer 7

Hydrocephalus - fluid build-up in the ventricles of the brain

Question 8

Which signs and symptoms are common to all types of cerebral palsy?

Answer 8

Affected balance
Tightened muscles
Proprioception affected

Question 9

Identify and describe the primary characteristic of the three types of cerebral palsy

Answer 9

Spastic - stiff, tight muscles
Ataxic - shaky movements, affected balance, and position in space
Dyskentic - involuntary movements

Question 10

What is ataxia?

Answer 10

Loss of full control of bodily movements

Question 11

What is the incidence of intellectual impairment associated with cerebral palsy?

Answer 11

1 in 2, or 50%

Question 12

Describe how delays in mobility, bilateral co-ordination and communication may impair Jane’s ability to participate in the pretend game and may be contributing to her frustration. Please provide three specific examples in your answers.

Answer 12

Mobility - balance, walking to counter
Bilateral coordination - picking up play money, carrying food/drink with two hands
Communication - ordering food

Question 13

Of spina bifida, cerebral palsy, and autism, which condition is the result of dysfunction in neural development exclusively before birth?

Answer 13

Spina bifida

Question 14

With which type of cerebral palsy would an individual have uncoordinated/unbalanced movements and why?

Answer 14

Ataxia because it arises from damage of the cerebellum, causing shaky movements, and balance and proprioception affected

Question 15

There are three key areas which are included within the definition of intellectual disability. One of these is adaptive behaviours.
Name the two other key areas which are included within the definition of intellectual disability.

Answer 15

Significant limitations in intellectual functioning, e.g. reasoning, learning, problem solving (Low IQ)
Disability originates before the age of 18

Question 16

Intellectual disability is classified in four levels reflecting the normative intelligence quotient (IQ) for their age. List these four classification levels.

Answer 16

Mild intellectual disability, moderate intellectual disability, severe intellectual disability, and profound intellectual disability

Question 17

Identify and explain the three characteristics shared by autistic spectrum disorders.

Answer 17

Difficulty in communication and social interaction
Behavioural signs (e.g. restrictive interests, repetitive behaviours)
Responses to environment