Developmental Theories Flashcards
Theory
A set of interrelated statements that provide an explanation for events.
Theory functions
Functions
●Organize explanations
●Show relationships
●Stimulate inquiry
Developmental theories
Psychoanalytic •Psychosocial •Behavioral •Humanistic •Cognitive •Social Learning or Cognitive Learning •Ecological •Sociocultural
Psychoanalytic theory
Freud •Id, Superego, Ego •Unconscious mind From Brooke S. “Freud also explains that human beings function in three different ways: the “id” describes someone who is striving to please him- or herself; the “superego” describes someone who is trying to do the “right thing”; the “ego” is a sort of happy medium between the two”
1. Oral Need Satisfaction Immature/dependent Immature/dependent personality Insatiable demands 2. Anal Control Hostile, defiant or rule bound 3. Phallic Oedipus /Electra Sexual problems, rigid, impotent 4. Latent Suppression 5. Genital Sexual reawakening
Ericsons psychosocial stages
Stages pose tasks and crises that individuals must struggle through.
iPersonality development takes place throughout the entire life span.
Focuses on healthy development
•Epigenetic principle
●ground plan- parts arise with each having a special time for ascendancy until all form a whole
•Considers influence of history, culture, society
Eriksons stages of psychosocial development
Trust vs. mistrust •Autonomy vs. doubt and shame •Initiative vs. guilt •Industry vs. inferiority •Self identify vs. role confusion •Intimacy vs isolation •Generativity vs stagnation •Integrity vs despair •Despair vs hope and faith
Behavioral theory
iConcerned with observable behavior
iBehavior divided into units: responses
iEnvironment divided into units: stimuli
iAlso called learning theory
Contrasts sharply with psychoanalytic
- Observable behavior, psychology as “science”
- Behavior = responses, environment = stimuli
- How do people learn to behave?
Types of behavioral theories
Pavlov/Classical conditioning
●Video Clip
•Operant Conditioning
•Reinforcement
(positive/negative)
•Punishment
Pavlov classical conditioning
Process of stimulus substitution in which a new, previously neutral stimulus is substituted for the stimulus that naturally elicits a response
- Response due to association with past events
- Derives from preexisting reflexes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6JE8s1-w-Y
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which the consequences of a behavior alter the strength of that behavior
•Skinner & Pigeons
•Example: Dolphins performing for fish treats
Example- if a parent grounds their child for talking back, the child’s behavior will weaken and they will not talk back to their parents as often. On the other hand, if a child is rewarded dessert for washing the dishes after dinner, their behavior will strengthen as they will wash the dishes more often.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt4N9GSBoMI
Behavior modification
iPathological behavior is acquired through learning.
iThe way to eliminate an unwanted behavior is to stop reinforcing it.
iApplied Behavior Analysis- Functional Behavior Assessments
Humanistic theory
Maslow’s Heirarchy
•Must meet basic needs before they can fill higher developmental needs
•Self actualization
•https://youtu.be/EH04OsNuvcw
Cognitive theory
Cognition: Acts or processes of knowing
iRepresenting, organizing, treating, and transforming information as we devise our behavior.
Cognitive theory- Piaget
Altering a Schema: Assimilation vs. Accommodation
A little boy named Tommy thinks that anything that has wheels is a car. One day, he notices someone riding a bicycle. At first, he points to the bicycle and says, “Look, a car!” This would be known as assimilation.
Tommy’s father explains that what he actually saw was a bicycle. Tommy then makes a differentiation between things with wheels, learning that cars and bicycles both have wheels. This would be known as accommodation.
Cognitive (social) learning / social modeling
Bandura
•Thought behavioral theory was too simplistic
•Individuals judge and regulate their own behavior
•Modeling and Bobo Dolls
•Bobo Doll Video
•Symbols
•Self Efficacy
Symbolism
Symbolism allows us to use language as a word becomes a symbol for an object, place, or feeling.
•It allows us to create, communicate, and process our surroundings. Additionally, stimuli and reinforcement are strengthened by symbolism.
Ecological
Bronfenbrenner
•Development result of interaction between person and his or her environment
From Alyssa H:
The mesosystem includes direct contact between microsystems (ex. your parents interacting with your friends). It is important that microsystems work together to create a positive and harmonious mesosystem (ex. your parents not liking your friends creates disconnect with you and your development). The exosystem includes the environment beyond your control that plays an indirect role on your development
Sociocultural
Vygotsky
- Development occurs during social interactions
- Influenced by historical content and place of growth
- Person observe activity and then internalizes its basic form
- Signs and symbols such as language enable internalization of activity
iDevelopment (Vygotsky):
Determined by the activity of groups
a. Child interacts with other persons
b. Assimilates social aspects of activity
c. Takes information and internalizes it
d. Social values become personal values
Classifications of theories
Stage ●Psychoanalytic ●Psychosocial ●Cognitive stages •
Process
●Behavioristic
●Human potential
●Social learning
Nature vs nurture
Scientists ask which factor- heredity or environment is responsible for a given trait
•Then they ask how much of the observed difference is due to heredity or environment
Behavioral genetics
Focuses on individual differences and seeks to answer why individuals within a species exhibit different behaviors
●Timidity studies
●Minnesota Twin Project
Evolutionary adaptation
Evolutionary Psychology
●Studies mental functions which are innate or instinctive
•Ethology
•Imprinting
