Chapter 8

Question 1

Short term memory

Answer 1

Information is retained for a very brief period, usually not more 10 sec

Question 2

•Long term memory

Answer 2

Information is retained in long term memory over an extended period of time

Question 3

●Procedural memory

Answer 3

Learning various kinds of motor behavioral and cognitive skills

Question 4

●Working memory

Answer 4

Elaborating on short term memory allowing one to retain information over short periods of time

Question 5

●Perceptual representations

Answer 5

Identifying words and objects

Question 6

●Semantic memory

Answer 6

Acquiring and retaining factual information about the world

Question 7

●Episodic memory

Answer 7

Remembering events seen or experienced throughout life

Question 8

Self esteem

Answer 8

Self esteem- child’s own sense of self worth or self image

•Self esteem can have life long effects on attitudes and behavior

Question 9

** self-

Answer 9

cognitive structure we employ for selecting and processing information about ourselves

Question 10

Sense of self

Answer 10

• In preschool yrs kids conceive of themselves in physical terms- body parts, attributes, activities
• Between 6 and 8 kids distinguish between the mind and body
• They identify that people are unique by appearance but also by feelings, thoughts and traits

Question 11

Self concept

Answer 11

• AKA self image- image one has of oneself
• Develops as a reflection of what others think about the child
• Parents conceptions play a large role
• Can include hints: withdrawn, sad or acting out

Question 12

Parenting styles

Answer 12

•Authoritarian
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zh1zIx-qidE

•Authoritative
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad-qM9fM81E

•Permissive

Question 13

•Authoritarian

Answer 13

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Question 14

Authoritative

Answer 14

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Question 15

•Permissive

Answer 15

.

Question 16

Warm but Restrictive

Answer 16

●Leads to politeness, neatness, obedience, conformity

●Associated with immaturity, dependency, low creativity, blind acceptance of authority, social withdrawal/ineptness

Question 17

Warm with Democratic Procedures

Answer 17

●Socially competent, resourceful, friendly, active, appropriately aggressive individuals
●If parents encourage self-confidence, independence then children demonstrate self-reliant, creative, goal-oriented, responsible behavior.
●If parents fail to develop child’s independence, then permissiveness often leads to self- indulgent children with little impulse control/low academic standards.

Question 18

Hostile (Rejecting) and Restrictive Parenting

Answer 18

●Interfere with child’s developing sense of identity and self-esteem
●World viewed as dominated by powerful sources over which they have no control
●Fosters resentment and inner rage
●Some turn anger against themselves, experiencing turmoil/conflict
●Results in self-punishing, suicidal tendencies, depressed affect

Question 19

Hostile and Permissive Parenting

Answer 19

●Associated with delinquent and aggressive behavior in children
●Discipline usually severe, physical, and unpredictable

Question 20

Aggression

Answer 20

•Behavior that is defined as injurious or destructive to people, animals, and objects
•Begins to be exhibited as early as 12 months old, both boys and girls
•Research suggests:
●Not just a phase to be outgrown
●Antisocial behavior most accurate predictor of delinquency in adolescence if observed at 3-4 years of age
●If not altered by 3rd grade, becomes chronic
●Prevention and early intervention are essential for changing the pattern/path

Question 21

Gender Identity

Answer 21

•Conception child has of being male or female

●Psychoanalytical Theory – Oedipal/Electra complex

●Psychosocial Theory – initiative vs guilt
Now gender roles are blurred

Cognitive Learning Theory – neutral at birth, imitate and learn gender identity

●Cognitive Developmental Theory – learn to label themselves as male/female

Question 22

Early Childhood- Emotional Development Review

Answer 22

•Emotions are natural, self-regulation and competence is learned