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life span adapatations > Chapter 3- Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Reproduction

A 
Male gamete (sperm) + Female gamete (ovum)      
                               = zygote (fertilized egg)
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2
Q

Male reproductive system

A

pair of testes in scrotum, penis

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3
Q

Female reproductive system

A

pair of ovaries- their job?

   - uterus
   - vagina
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4
Q

A woman has signal changes that announce monthly fertility:

A

egg-white cervical mucus

   - spike in basal body temperature
     - change in cervix position and shape
    - “Mittleschmertz”
     - breast tenderness
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5
Q

Ovulation/Time of Fertility

A

The egg can live for only 12-24 hours, but sperm can live 3-5 days in mucus!

ALL mucus days are fertile, plus the 4 days after mucus ends.

●Estrogen released from the ripening egg keeps the temperature low, progesterone from the corpus luteum after ovulation raises the temperature.
●If one becomes pregnant, the temperature remains high due to the high progesterone levels.

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6
Q

Fertilization

A

Fertilization usually occurs in upper part of fallopian tube

•Corpus luteum releases progesterone to prepare uterus for implantation

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7
Q

Multiple conceptions

A

Two ova fertilized = dizygotic twins (fraternal)

•One ovum fertilized and split = monozygotic twins (identical)

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8
Q

Many couples have difficulty conceiving and turn to…..

A 
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ARTs)
  In vitro fertilization (IVF)
•GIFT (gamete introfallopian transfer)
•ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)
•ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
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9
Q

Cloning

A 
Asexual reproduction
●Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
●Take nucleus of somatic cell (skin cell) and insert into an egg whose own nucleus has been removed
•Nucleus transplantation
•Begins embryonic divisions
•98% genetic replica of donor body cell
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10
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

grow cell for 4 to 5 days, take stem cells and grow to become other body cells or organs
●Conversion of patients own cells into specializes tissues
●Ectogenesis- develop baby outside of womb

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11
Q

Birth control methods

A

male and female condoms, cervical cap, diaphragm, birth control pills, vaginal contraceptives, Depo Provera, IUD, Norplant subcutaneous inserts, sponge, vaginal contraceptive chemical barriers, rhythm method, male or female sterilization.

•Abortion

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12
Q

The expanding reproductive years

A

Menarche now 11-12 yrs, some reach at 8 or 9

•Menopause is 50 yrs.

•Post-menopausal women can use
donated ova.

•Men have no age limit.

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13
Q

Genome

A

1990s- Human Genome Project
●Human genome-genetic blueprint of all genes on their appropriate chromosomes
●20-25,000 genes are present in humans
●Genomes to Life project– sequence genes of other species

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14
Q

Who determines the sex?

A

Male’s chromosome determines the sex
•X from mother, X or Y from father
•Dominant vs. recessive Traits

  • Genotypes vs. phenotypes
  • Homozygous (AA) or (aa) vs. heterozygous (Aa)
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15
Q

What is multifactorial inheritance?

A

Multifactorial inheritance means that “many factors” (multifactorial) are involved in causing a birth defect. The factors are usually both genetic and environmental, where a combination of genes from both parents, in addition to unknown environmental factors, produce the trait or condition

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16
Q

Sex-linked characteristics

A

Hemophilia, Muscular dystrophy

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17
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A

Down Syndrome- extra 21st chromosome

18
Q

When does pregnancy officially start? How old is the embryo at conception?

A

Pregnancy counted from the first day of the mother’s last period.
•This means that at conception, the
embryo is already considered two
weeks old.

19
Q

The Germinal Period

A

The first two weeks

Growth of the zygote

•Mitosis- 2 cells to 4 to 8…

●Cell division begins—one cell becomes two, two become four, etc.

●By the 14th day, cell division produces a sixteen-cell cluster called a blastocyst
at 100 cells makes contact with uterus

20
Q

Mitosis

A

2 cells to 4 to 8

21
Q

Blastocyst

A

●Cell division begins—one cell becomes two, two become four, etc.
●By the 14th day, cell division produces a sixteen-cell cluster called a blastocyst
at 100 cells makes contact with uterus

22
Q

Maternal influences

A

Maternal practices exert a direct influence on fetal development, especially during the first three months
●Practicing a healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of fetal birth defects

23
Q

Fathers were more likely to have infants with birth defects if they:

A

smoked
•were exposed to contaminants
•were older
•used street drugs

24
Q

Promoting Healthy Fetal Development

●Important practices include…

A 
early prenatal care
•nutritious diet
•moderate physical activity
•rest
•weight management
•maternal age
•avoiding teratogens
25
Q

Ectoderm-
● mesoderm-
● endoderm-
What systems does each layer become?

A

Ectoderm-outer layer
Nervous system and skin

● mesoderm-middle layer
Skeletal muscle and circular system

● endoderm- inner layer
Digestive tract

26
Q

Embryonic period

A

The Embryonic Period- end of 2nd week through 8th week
•Video
•Rapid growth
•Placenta established- exchange of food, oxygen, hormones
•Chief organs
•Cephalocaudal and proximodistal development

27
Q

Neural tubes defects are related to

A

Neural Tube Defects
●Are related to low dietary folacin intake
•Before and during early pregnancy
●400 micrograms recommended daily

●Food sources
•Orange juice                                      
•Leafy green vegetables
•Lentils, dry beans, and peas
•Whole grain products
28
Q

The fetal period

A 
The Fetal Period- 8th to 40th week
Called  a fetus
●Major organ systems continue to develop      
and the organs assume their specialized
functions.

●Lanugo, quickening, vernix

29
Q

Lanugo

A

Hair

30
Q

quickening

A

Movement in the uterus

31
Q

vernix

A

Waxy coating on the baby

32
Q

Loss by miscarriage

A

Loss by Miscarriage

  • 1/3 of all women
  • 75% before 12 weeks
  • Problem with implantation or genetics
33
Q

Teratogens

A

Prenatal Environmental Influences

●Teratogens

  • drugs or other chemicals
  • maternal infectious and noninfectious disease:
34
Q

Major drug and chemical teratogens

A 
Nicotine
•Marijuana
•Heroin/Cocaine
•Alcohol
•Oral contraceptives
•Toxins in the environment/workplace
35
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

•Causes:

A

●mental retardation
●facial abnormalities
●delayed physical growth
●poor motor coordination

36
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

●The result of moderate to heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy

37
Q

Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE)

A

●Caused by consuming lesser amounts of alcohol during pregnancy
●Children exhibit
•poor attention
•delayed language development
•difficulty with problem-solving and judgment
•excessive activity
•learning problems

38
Q

Teratology

A 
Teratology- the study of the cause of birth defects
●Looking at:
   - prolonged exposure to high temps
   - pesticides
   - second hand smoke
  - over the counter meds
  - electromagnetic fields
  - caffeine
39
Q

Sensitive Windows

A

Sensitive windows are periods when fetal organ development is more susceptible to damage
•0–2 weeks—not vulnerable; zygote is not implanted
•3rd week—brain, central nervous system, and heart
•4–5th weeks—eyes, heart, arms, and legs
•6th week—ears, teeth, and kidneys
•7th week—palate and mouth
•8th week—palate, ears, and external genitalia
•20–36th weeks—brain

40
Q

Genetic counseling and testing

A

Genetic Counseling and Testing

  • Amniocentesis
  • Ultrasonography
  • Chorionic villus biopsy
  • Others
41
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Test for genetic in baby

Take amniotic fluid for testing

life span adapatations (8 decks)

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