Developmental Psychology 4

Question 1

What are Thomas’ and Chess’ three dimensions of temperament?

Answer 1

Easy, slow-to-warm-up, difficult.

Question 2

What, according to Thomas and Chess, defines an easy temperament?

Answer 2

Typically cheerful, low to moderate reactions to new stimuli and change, regular eating and sleeping schedule.

Question 3

What, according to Thomas and Chess, defines a slow-to-warm-up temperament?

Answer 3

Often sad or tense, initially withdraw in response to new stimuli, take time to adapt to change, variable eating and sleeping schedule.

Question 4

What, according to Thomas and Chess, defines a difficult temperament?

Answer 4

Very active and difficult to soothe, react to new stimuli with irritability, have irregular eating and sleeping schedule.

Question 5

Name Freud’s five stages of psychosocial development.

Answer 5

Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital.

Question 6

Describe the key features of the oral stage.

Answer 6

Birth to 1 year. Exploration of the environment occurs primarily via mouth and lips. Challenge is satisfaction of hunger and desire for stimulation.

Question 7

Describe consequences in adulthood of fixation in the oral stage.

Answer 7

Habits such as overeating and smoking.

Question 8

Describe the key features of the anal stage.

Answer 8

1 to 3 years. Pleasure derived from anal and urethral areas of the body. Challenge is management of excretions.

Question 9

Describe the consequences in adulthood of fixation in the anal stage.

Answer 9

Anal retentiveness (obsession with punctuality and orderliness) or anal expulsiveness (messiness and disorder).

Question 10

Describe the key features of the phallic stage.

Answer 10

3 to 6 years. Pleasure derived from genitals. Challenge is unconscious desire for opposite-sex parent which is repressed out of fear of punishment by same-sex parent; resolution of conflict through identification with same-sex parent and formation of superego.

Question 11

Describe the key features of the latency stage.

Answer 11

6 years to puberty. Challenge is consolidating superego by identifying with same-sex children and assimilating social values.

Question 12

Describe the key features of the genital stage.

Answer 12

Post-puberty. Gratification of sexual drive through extrafamilial love relationships.

Question 13

Name Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial conflict.

Answer 13

1. trust/mistrust
2. autonomy/shame & doubt
3. initiative/guilt
4. industry/inferiority
5. identity/identity confusion
6. intimacy/isolation
7. generativity/stagnation
8. ego integrity/despair

Question 14

Describe Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust first stage of psychosocial conflict.

Answer 14

Birth to 1 year. Confidence gained from predictable and gratifying parental care; mistrust from unpredictable or harsh parental care.

Question 15

Describe Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame and doubt second stage of psychosocial conflict.

Answer 15

1 to 3 years. Exploration and independence from appropriate boundaries managed by parents; hesitancy from over-restrictiveness or shaming.

Question 16

Describe Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt third stage of psychosocial conflict.

Answer 16

3 to 6 years. Sense of ambition and responsibility from parental encouragement of purpose and direction; guilt from unreasonable demands for self-control from parents.

Question 17

Describe Erikson’s industry vs. inferiority fourth stage of psychosocial conflict.

Answer 17

6 years to puberty. Capacities for productivity and cooperation; inferiority from peer group and/or parental undermining of competence.

Question 18

Describe Erikson’s identity vs. identity confusion fifth stage of psychosocial conflict.

Answer 18

Adolescence. Transition to adulthood. Integration of previous stages into identity.

Question 19

Describe Erikson’s intimacy vs. isolation sixth stage of psychosocial conflict.

Answer 19

Young adulthood. Enhancement of identity through intimacy and connectedness with others; failure results in isolation and fear of rejection.

Question 20

Describe Erikson’s generativity vs. stagnation seventh stage of psychosocial conflict.

Answer 20

Middle adulthood. Child rearing, serving as mentor, productive work; failure results in sense of boredom and stagnation.

Question 21

Describe Erikson’s ego integrity vs. despair eighth stage of psychosocial conflict.

Answer 21

Late adulthood. Retrospection of life, conclusion that life was worthwhile; sense of dissatisfaction results in regret and despair.

Question 22

Describe the two dimensions of parenting supported by research.

Answer 22

Warmth vs. hostility, restrictiveness vs. permissiveness.

Question 23

Describe Baumrind’s four basic parenting styles.

Answer 23

Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved.

Question 24

How do ethnicity and peer group moderate parenting style in predicting student academic performance?

Answer 24

African-American and Hispanic parents tend to be more authoritative than Asian-American parents, but their (AA/H) children tend to do less well than Asian children. Minority children tend to be more influenced by peers than European-American children and African-American and Hispanic children get little peer support for academic achievement compared to Asian-American children.

Question 25

What does research indicate about the “storm and stress” characterization of adolescence?

Answer 25

This describes only about 20% of adolescents. The rate of psychological disturbance among adolescents is about the same as for younger children and adults.

Question 26

How does age of physical maturation effect psychological adjustment?

Answer 26

Early maturing boys have the best outcomes (popularity, good school performance and self-image), while late-maturing boys and early-maturing girls have the worst (emotional instability, academic declines, drug and alcohol use).

Question 27

What are Marcia’s four identity statuses?

Answer 27

Identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.

Question 28

What is identity diffusion?

Answer 28

Status prior to undergoing identity crisis and resolution.

Question 29

What is identity foreclosure?

Answer 29

Strong commitment to an identity suggested by another person (without exploration on one’s own).

Question 30

What is identity moratorium?

Answer 30

Identity crisis and active exploration.

Question 31

What is identity achievement.

Answer 31

Resolution of an identity crisis.

Question 32

What is contact desensitization?

Answer 32

A variation on systematic desensitization in which the therapist models each step of an anxiety hierarchy before exposing the child to it.