Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Study of changes/continuities in an organism from conception to death

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2
Q

True or false: perceptual experience begins in utero

A

TRUE
- Mother’s voice is most salient external stim that reaches the fetus (speech is low-pass filtered - focused on broader patterns and not finer details)
- Amniotic fluid flavored by what mother has eaten

Evidence
- Newborns prefer mother’s voice + over other woman
- Newborns prefer mother’s native language over other language
- Acoustics of a newborn’s cry exhiit distinctive characteristics of the mother’s native language
- Young infants recognize stories and music they were exposed to while still in the womb
- Carrot juice amniotic fluid study – babies whose mothers drank carrot juice showed more preference for it

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3
Q

3 assumptions infant testing methods are based on

A

1) infants will attend/orient to stim they find interesting

2) Familiarization: infants prefer to hear/see stim they’ve been exposed to before

3) Habituation: if the infant has been repeatedly exposed to a stim to the point of boredom, they’ll prefer the novel stim

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4
Q

High Amplitude Sucking Procedure (HASP)

A
  • DV is the infant’s sucking response/strength of sucks (strong = high amp)
  • Primarily used w auditory stim
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5
Q

Preferential Looking paradigm

A
  • Invented by Fantz 1961
  • Infants will look longer at stim they find interesting compared to uninteresting stim
  • newborns show preference for faces – esp faces of their own race (due to exposure/familiarity, NOT RACISM)
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6
Q

Perceptual development in newborns

A
  • Dev of sight
  • Can see 8-12in away, but after that their vision is worse than ours
  • Newborns esp attentive to faces/things that look like faces
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7
Q

Motor development in newborns

A
  • Dev of ability to execute movements (reaching, grasping, crawling, walking)
  • Born w small set of motor reflexes (rooting reflex, sucking reflex)
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8
Q

Motor reflex def + 2 types in infants

A

Def: Motor responses triggered by specific patterns of sensory stim

Rooting reflex: infants move their mouths towards any object that touches their cheek

Sucking reflex: infants suck any object that enters their mouth

Motor reflexes disappear as infants learn more sophisticated motor behavior

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9
Q

Evolutionary benefits of infant motor reflexes

A

Allows newborns to suckle

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10
Q

2 principles of dev of sophisticated motor behavior

A

Cephalocaudal/”top-to-bottom” principle: tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from head to feet (e.g. head –> arms –> legs)

Proximodistal principle: tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from center to periphery (e.g. trunk –> elbow –> hands)

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11
Q

Scale error in infants

A

Infants treat mini objects as if regular sized (e.g. trying to sit in small model train)

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12
Q

Cognitive development

A

The development of thinking and understanding across a lifespan

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13
Q

Jean Piaget

A
  • Considered father of modern developmental psychology
  • Created Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development; widely accepted bc it explained, not just described, development
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14
Q

Piaget’s view on children

A
  • Children are like “little scientists” – naturally curious
  • Play active role in acquiring knowledge
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15
Q

Schema

A

Organized unit of knowledge the child uses to try to understand a situation

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16
Q

Assimilation

A

Apply existing schema to a new experience or object

17
Q

Accomodation

A

Involves changing or creating new schemas in response to new info or experiences

18
Q

Criticisms of Piaget

A
  • Theory doesn’t account much the role of other ppl in child’s world (e.g. siblings, parents, friends)
  • May have underestimated children’s abilities - age of acquisition for certain things may be earlier
  • Undervalues influence of sociocultural environment
19
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

A

1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete operational
4) Formal operational

20
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A
  • Birth-2 yrs
  • Infants experience the world by sensing it and moving in it
  • Progress from simple reflex actions to symbolic processing
  • Begin to construct schemas (e.g. things come closer if I pull them)
  • Develop object permanence
  • Will look longer at events that violate their expectations
21
Q

Object permanence

A

Type of schema that states that something is still present even if you can’t see it

22
Q

Baillargeon “violation of expectatoin” studies

A
  • Examined object permanence in infants
  • Found that it developed much earlier than Piaget thought – ~3.5 months
23
Q

Preoperational stage

A
  • 2-7 yrs old
  • Dev of prelim understanding of the world (“BEFORE the operations to do the problem-solving tasks”)
  • Can mentally represent objects and think symbolically (e.g. use words as symbols for things)
  • Don’t pass conservation tasks until 6-7
  • Egocentric; Theory of Mind doesn’t dev until later in preoperational stage
  • Have difficulty bc of centration and lack of reversibility
24
Q

Centration

A

Child’s tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation (e.g. their perspective) and ignore other aspects

25
Q

Reversibility

A

Ability to understand that the order of things can be reversed and it still has the same meaning

26
Q

Conservation + conservation task

A

Understanding that many of the physical properties of an object are conserved/not changed by changes in the object’s appearance

Conservation task: e.g. pouring water from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin glass doesn’t change the amount of water
(NOTE: conservation task may not be representative of cog abilities; verbally demanding task + transformation is emphasized but superficial)

27
Q

Egocentrism

A
  • Failure to understand that ppl can perceive things another way
  • “Hallmark of preoperational stage”
28
Q

Theory of mind

A
  • States that other ppl have perceptions of the world different than our own
  • Age of acquisition influenced by variety of factors including number of siblings, socioeconomic status, etc – most important determining factor is language skills
  • Children w autism have difficulty communicating w others and making friends – some scientists hypothesize it’s bc they have trouble acquiring theory of mind
29
Q

The 3 Mountains Task

A
  • 3 mountains on a table w chairs around the table –> each chair has a different view
  • When asked to describe someone else’s view, children will often describe their own perspective
  • Children often don’t pass until 7-8
  • Flaws: spatial abilities, memory, verbally demanding task
30
Q

Concrete operational stage

A
  • 7-11 yrs old
  • Children learn how actions can transform the concrete objects of the physical world
  • Understand conservation
  • Reasoning is limited to real, present objects
  • Difficulty w tasks requiring mental manipulation
  • Difficulty w abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning
31
Q

Formal operational stage

A
  • 11+ yrs old
  • Bceome capable of flexible and abstract thought
  • Can reason abt concepts like love or hypotheticals