DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
developmental psychology
- studies how ppl change physically cognitvaely socially, and emotionally through old age
cross-sectional desighn
compares participants of diff ages to one another
E.g. 6month vs 12month
longitudinal design
- tracks individuals at different time points
-advantage: changes are occuring
disadvantage: time consuming
sequential design
-combines both^
habituation
progressive decrease in response to repeated stimulation
E.g ticking clock
Dishabituation
The response progressively increases. Occurs after habituation. Keeps humans learning more
Health Psychology
-links behaviour, cognition, and physical health
-emphasize role of mental processes in maintaining healthy body
Motor development +general rule
-changes in the ability to coordinate/perform body movements
1. emerge from head to feet
2. from center of body outward
cognitive development
-changes in thinking, knowing, and communicating
Piaget’s Theory
-children actively construct their understanding of the world
-go through 4 stages of cognitive development
sponge model
- passive learning
-information is absorbes without active egangament
Little Scientist Model
-active learning
-child explores and interacts with enviroment
Equilibrium vs disEquilibrium
Existing schemas explain observations. Low arousal emotions like contentment or boredom.\
vs
Existing schemas fail to explain observations. High arousal emotions like surprise, fear, or curiosity. Drives learning and cognitive development.
schema
-info relates to the same concept
assimilation
-apply learned scheme to new situations
accomodation
- existing concept used to interpret info
4 stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
-explores world through sense/actions - Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
-symbolic thinking, language development - Concrete operational (7-12)
-logical thinking - Formal operational (12+)
-abstract thinking, hypothetical
Theory of Mind (TOM)
-understand that others have different thoughts, beliefs, and perspective
IMPORTANCE:
-crucial for social interactions and empathy
false belief task
-used in TOM
-child must infer that othe person holds a belief that is false
social referencing
- look to caregivers for cues on how to react
contact comfort
- stimulation/ reassurance from the physical closeness of caregiver
symbols
-children get confused
-make symbol remote
conservation
-physical properties remain same despire change in shapes
sense of self develops
18 months
scaffolding
-provided support to help child reach task
Gender in Preschool vs elementary
- becomes less fixed
Authoritarian Parenting
-low sensitve, high demand
disenaged parenting
-low senstive, low demand
Zone of Proximal development
-range between what child can do alone vs with help
Kohlberg’s Moral Development Stages
Preconventional
-self-interest, avoid punishment
Conventional
laws and social rules
Postconventional
- moral rules,
Challenges:
1. reflect men better than women
2. small villages
Erikson, what is the goal of adolescence?
Develop a clear sense of self based on an understanding of one’s self from the past, present, and future
we emerge from adolescence with a comfortable sense of who we are and where we’re headed.
through adolescence what happens to conformity
conform decreases as their capacity for social cognition increases.
Two forces govern adulthood
- Intimacy
- love - Generativity
- meaningful work
Fluid intelligence age
21-30, then declines
-ability to solve new problems, use logic, indetify patterns, decline with age
social clock
-marriage, parenthood
