Developmental Psych Flashcards
What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference? Which one is reduced if u study for a rest and go to sleep to keep the info fresh in her mind.
Retroactive inhibition or interference is the one she is trying to reduce. It occurs when newly learned info interferes with recall of previously learned info. If ya sleep then u minimize the exposure to new info.
Proactive–previously learned info interferes with recall of newly learned material.
Best predictor of adolescent alcohol use is:
- Peer and parent attitude toward it.
- Parent and peer alcohol use
- Parent attitude and peer use
- Parent use and peer attitude
2
Best predictor is use.
Difference between a sensitive and critical period.
The period of attachment during the first year of life most resembles which?
Sensitive period…optimal times for capacities to develop, yet if they dont future events may be able to compensate at en earlier or later time.
Emotional and social development have sensitive pds, but not critical.
Critical pd–certain things must occur for development to proceed normally and they won’t be able to compensate. Limited time biologically prepared to acquire certain behaviors but needs certain environmental stimuli to occur. Ie. imprinting.
9 year old asked why should not steal. Kohl berg would say:
- Stealing is against the law
- One can be punished for stealing
- Stealing is wrong
- Thieves are bad
- Preconventional morality
Punishment/obedience orientation with a focus on avoiding punishment.
- Conventional. Law and order.
- Post conventional - universal principles of justice, equality, respect for life
- Conventional…Good boy/girl..gain approval through obedience.
What is Sexual dimorphism? Do humans exhibit it to a greater degree, lesser degree than other species?
Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference between individuals of different sex of same species. Humans it is intx of environment and bio factors. Debate how much. The organizational/activational hypothesis proposes hormones guide behavioral sex differences in early life exposed to hormones and at puberty. Humans exhibit less than other species in general.
What are the three steps of pattersons coercion model of aggression that lead to delinquency?
- Learn to be aggressive by observation of coercive and antisocial parent behavior. Poor parenting unwittingly reinforces coercive child behavior. Cycle. Leads to conduct problems.
- Kid has academic failure and peer rejection.
- Depressed and more likely to join deviant peer grp.
Intelligence Cross the lifespan supports as we age:
- Both crystallized and fluid IQ increase
- Both decrease
- Crystallized decreases and fluid increase
- Crystallize increases and fluid decreases.
- Crystallized increases. That is, knowledge gained through experience
Fluid decreases with age…organization of info and novel problem solving peaks on teens/ early adult and declines thereafter.
What is the difference between accommodation and assimilation?
Assimilation is the process of taking in a new experience adding it to and already established mental structure.
Accommodation is adjusting the reality demands by recognizing or adjusting the existing scheme or structure.
Complimentary processes.
Equilibration is the movement betwn equilibrium (use of existing schemes to interpret/assimilation) and disequilibrium (notice info doesn’t fit) which causes us to accommodate to get new info. Result…back to equilibrium.
Takes places continually even at hi levels of maturity.
What is the difference between object constancy and object permanence?
Object constancy is Mahler’s term refers to ability to maintain image of mom when gone (permanence) but also ability to unify good and bad aspects of mom into whole rep.
Object permanence is when the child understands ppl exist even if ya can’t see them. Play hide and seek or look for someone not seen. Happens in some as young as 6 mo.
What are Piaget’s stages
Sensorimotor…learn ant objects thru sensory info and motor behavior. Birth to 2
Preoperational…irreversibility..
Inability to mentally undo something. So if pour water from container of one shape into another shape.
Centration is part of this phase and is the tendency to focus on only one aspect when looking at a stimulus.
Phenomenatlistic causality is part of this phase and involved magical thinking where events co occur in time are thought to be causally connected.
2 to 7
Conservation is from the concrete operational phase and it is ability to recognize objects keep characteristics regardless of shape or form.
7 to 12
Formal operations. 12 on
Hypothetical deductive reasoning
Imaginary audience/personal fable
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype are characteristics determined by info coded on genes.
Genetics set boundaries for possible phenotype a that can occur. However environment determines which outcome is mAterialized. Believed that reaction range is bigger for those with high genetically endowed (ie smarter).
No one to one correspondence between gene and personality trait. It sets a range/limits and environment determines the extent of the outcome.
Phenotype are a persons observable and measurable characteristics, physical and psychological (intelligence, personality). Develop from intx of genetics and environment.
Tend to evoke responses consistent w genotypes. Active, social child elicit positive social stimulation from
Others which reinforces sociability. Hard to determine what is genetic and what is environmental.
Describe the impact of the environment on maturation and canalization.☺
Maturation refers to genetically determined patterns of development. Environment has little or no impact. Ie learn to walk..environment may impact when but not order (no matter the environment).
Canalization…resistant to environmental forces. Ie sensorimotor development
Hi canalized..predetermined growth path followed….only very early or very strong environmental forces can impact it. What matters is behavior itself and amount of time since birth.
Personality and intelligence are less canalized and more open to environmental forces. However, farther from birth less subject to canalization or modification.
These are different then secular trends which demonstrate the impact of environment on development. Ie onset of period due to better nutrition etc..
What is the heritability index?
Stat used to estimate the degree a characteristic can be attributed to genetic factors. Estimates from kinship studies. Intelligence heritability ranges from .3 to .7 with average around .5. So 50 percent of individual differences in iq scores explained by genetics.
Sociability, emotionality and activity level or personality is also 50 percent.
How many chromosomes do we have?
23 chromosomes. All have 22 (autosomes) One member of each pair from dad and one from mom. Ea has 1000 of genes. Multiple genes usually determine a characteristic, polygenic. 23rd pair is sex chromosomes. Females they are homologous xx. Males not xy. Males greater chance of inheriting sec linked characteristics because not homologous. Can’t cancel out.
What disorders are due to dominant and recessive genes?
Color blindness is a sex linked recessive characteristic
Dominant…Huntington’s chorea
Recessive. PKU, cystic fibrosis, tay Sachs
What are the chromosome disorders?
Down’s syndrome..extra 21 chromosome.
1/800 births rises w maternal age (1/30 when over 40 vs 1/1900 when in 20s). Often congenital problems.
Klienfelters syndrome..males, incomplete sex characteristics, sterile
Turners syndrome..females..no secondary sex characteristics, sterile, short, stubby fingers webbed neck
Fragile x..male and female…mod to mild mr, facial deformities, fast/stucco speech
Xyy syndrome
What is the leading cause of mental retardation in the us?
Fetal alcohol syndrome. Most with it have iq between 65 and 7o. Mr
Growth retardation, hyperactivity microenchrphaly , variety physical illnesses? Wide space eyes, short eyelid openings, irritability.
1/100 live births have fetal alcohol syndrome or effects
What does heroine or methadone use during pregnancy do to the baby?
Addicted
What effects do prescription drugs have on babies?
Benzodiazepine…prenatal syndrome (feeding problem, hypothermia, muscle tone problems).
Mood stabilizers (lithium, valproic acid).
Li in first tri…Ebstein anomaly..heart defect; valproic …fetal malformation
Li around birth…perinatal syndrome (blue color and poor muscle tone)
What effect does smoking have on babies?
Spontaneous abortion,
Virus can cause defects in babies. What are some of the viruses and what can be done about HiV?
Rubella (heart, eye, deaf, gi, mr). 20 percent die after birth
Herpes..3x miscarriage. C section
Cytomegalovirus death if early. Give meds.
Syphilis..defects face, deaf,mr
Discuss problems with prematurity. Small gestational age, and fetal distress.
Premature infants born before week 37. Linked to prenatal care, malnutrition, maternal age, drugs, low ses, multiple gestations. No significant abnormalities catch up by 2 or 3.
Small for gestational age..below 10 th percentile in wt. Higher risk than premie for respiratory disease, hypoglycemia and asphyxia at birth
Fetal distress..at birth..may result in cognitive or motor delays, mr, or cerebral palsy.
What are the reflexes in a baby?
Most gone by first 6 months. Due to voluntary control
Palmer grasp..grasp finger
What are the early sensory skills at birth?
Limited vision at birth. Win a few days or mins prefer faces, discriminate mom from stranger by 1 mo, color by 2 or 3 mo, 6 mo depth like adult
Hearing..just little less sensitive than adult. Win days prefer human voice, know moms voice , tell a from I. Soon after birth…sound or auditory localization (turn to sound) which leaves 2 to 4 mo and returns by 12 mo
Taste.. 4 at birth. Prefer sweet
Smell..respond to bad odor first days. Discriminate odors 2 to 7 days
What are Rutterd six family risk factors?
Greater number of risk factors, the greater the negative outcome. 4 or more 21 percent risk; 1 or less had 2 percent chance.
Predict child pathology…
Low ses, overcrowding/lg family, severe marital discord, parent criminality, mom pathology, child placed outside the home.
Even hi risk can have positive outcome..if few stressors after birth, easy temperament, stable support.
Name and describe Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model or the four interacting environmental systems.
Microsystems–immediate setting;
–family, daycare, schl
Mesosystem–interconnections between different components of Microsystems. Or crisis upsets kid and impacts daycare.
Exosystem–part if environment kid not in direct contact with but affected by. Ie parent job, community.
Macrosystem–cultural and us cultural context other systems are embedded. Includes aspects that affect kid…racism, socioeconomic conditions, cultural stds re child rearing.
What are the effects of malnutrition in the early stages?
First tri
Spontaneous abortion and congenital malformation
Third tri
Effects in CNS…low brain wt, low branching of dendrites, low number if brain cells
Apathy, irritability, hi pithed cry, lag motor development, unresponsive to environmental stimulus action, intellectual deficits
Prevention or reversal only if resume feeding early in infancy.
The least developed part of the brain at birth is: Limbic system Extra pyramidal motor system Medulla Cortex
Cortex…continues to develop through early adolescence
Infants ability to acquire new skills and knowledge in the first yr of life's due to an increase in: Number of neurons Hemispheric communication Mylenization and dendrite growth Sensory perception
Mylenization and dendrite growth are very rapid the first year
During the prenatal phase. When is the most damage done from toxins?
Embryonic phase 2 to 8 weeks when prolonged exposure causes growth retardation and lowered iq.
Germinal stage is first and fetal stage is last 9 weeks to birth
Piaget’s stages of development.
☺Piaget’s stages are invariant..emerge in a fixed order and there is no skipping.
Learn thru objects and by things baby can do to them…feel touch tAste…
Sensorimotor birth to 2 yrs
Learn via sensory motor and motor
6 substages based on action. Learning due to circular rx..behaviors performed to reproduce events that first started by chance.
Key phase of sensorimotor…object permanence. Objects exist even when not visible.
Deferred imitation..imitate observed act later and beginning of make believe play. Both beginning of symbolic thought.
Play and imitation. Intentional and goal directed behaviors.
What are the important development during preoperational thought?
2 to 7 years old
Increase symbolic thought (therefore language and pretend play), sociodramatic play
Emergence of intuitive thought
Deferred imitation
Limited by egocentrism…underlies magical thinking and animism
Can not conserve!
Centration (focus one detail)
Irreversibility
What is horizontal decalage and when does it occur?
It occurs in Piaget’s concrete operational phase between the ages of 7 and 12.
Sequential mastery of concepts within a single stage of development. Or conservation of number then length then liquid, mass, area, wt..☺
What are the milestones of concrete operational thinking? Between ages 7 and 12.
Decentration Reversibility Conservation Horizontal decalage Transitivity (mentally sort objects) Hierarchical classification
What are the milestones of Piaget’s formal operational stage?
Age 12 up
Research on Piaget’s stages found?
May underestimate cognitive abilities of kids ESP in preoperational stage.
Not everyone reaches formal op. maybe half and many only in profession/expertise
invariant sequence of stages confirmed.
Importance of adaptation as a concept for Piaget.
Describe childhood memory
Babies memories updated continually. 1 to 3 can recall events. Adults report earliest not before 3.
Fail to remember early is infantile amnesia…lack schematic organization, encoding, language. Memories result of talking abt them w someone else.
Memory significantly increases around 7 yrs old….because .more short term capacity, consistent rehearsal ,increase knowledge, meta memory develops.
What type of cries do infants have at birth?
Hunger (basic cry), anger, and pain. By 3 weeks also have attention cry.
Causes physiological responses in parents, especially first timers. Type of cry matters..pain gets more arousal. Better at knowing own kids crys than others. Usually respond by lifting to shoulder.
What is the sequence of language development?
Coo 1/2 mo
Babble 4/6 mo
By 9 mo babbling is only in own language.
First words 10/16 mo..ppl or obj or salient properties.
Holistic phrase 12/18 mo single word w gesture to express entire thought
Telegraphic speech 18/24 mo 2 word sentences
Rapid vocab growth. 30/36 mo. By 3 have 1000 word
Complex grammatical forms 3 to 6 yrs.
Describe the theories of language development.
Behavioral theories..cc, oc, imitation
Recently..strategies caregivers use like motherese (simple, hi pitch, slow) and recasting rephrase kids sentence in diff way (make ?)
Nativist …chompsky..
Innate, genetically determined
LAD..language acquisition device..with sufficient vocab can combo words in novel utterances and understand meaning. Research support certain language aspects universal, brain lateralization, language acquired in sensitive pd
Cross cultural and animal research show that language is uniquely human and biologically prepared. Diff cultures progress thru similar stages. Types of cries etc. cooing, babbling etc…12 mo nonverbal signals. 11 to 16 mo first words, play sounds. Holographic speech, telegraphic speech, rapid vocab growth (fastest 30 36 mo). By 3 know 1000 words. Complex grammatical forms 3 to 5. Use to be, negation and use questions.
Cognitive…part of cognitive development and motivated by kids desire to express meaning.
How does bilingualism effect people?
3 million American children
Perform better on cognitive flexibility, concept formation, verbal and nonverbal intellectual tasks, analytic reasoning, divergent thinking and meta linguistic awareness. Academically affected by factors like age second Lang acquisition, support, services. If not proficient in native and put in English only…risk semilingualism or inadequate in both.
What is code switching in language?
Changing to another language in a conversation. Because... 1. Can't express well in one may change 2. Go to minority Lang..show solidarity 3. Show attitude to listener
What are gender communication differences?
Men talk more than women overall or more in certain circumstances. More on neutral or male topics. Women talk more on feminine topics..
Women ask more rhetorical ?, hesitate, hedge, add tag ?
No big diff in who interrupts more. Women may do more to rapport build or to get cooperation.
What are the theories of attachment?
Freud linked it to feeding/oral needs.
Harlow found contact comfort or pleasant tactile sensation is more important than feeding.
Bowlbys ethnological theory…infants/moms biologically programmed for attachment. Baby sucks, crys, coo and mom responds to meet attachment needs. Also thinks start to build mental representations of self and attachment figures during first yr called internal working models guide behavior in later relationships.
When do infants show preference for their mothers?
4 months show preference
6 or 7 mo clear signs
What are clear signs of attachment?
Social referencing..6 mo..read emotional rx of mom and use info to respond. Social cliff..won’t cross if mom frowns, mean less phrase in fearful tone
Separation anxiety..6 mo..distress when separate. Strongest 14 to 18 mo
Stranger anxiety..6 mo but common 8 to 10 mo. Peak 18 mo. Affected by situational factors (mom near do better)
Response to prolonged separation 15 to 30 mo separated from moms did sequence of behaviors... Protest ( loud cry, restless, reject) Despair (cry, inactivity, withdrawal) Detachment (apathy even mom back)
Ainsworth proposed different types of attachment related to how parents respond to their child’s needs. She used the strange situation (infant alone, with mom, with stranger).
Describe a secure attachment.
Explore alone or with mom
Friendly to strange when w mom but prefer mom
Distress mom leaves and seek her when she returns
Babies emotionally sensitive and responsive.
What is the difference between anxious/ avoidant and anxious/resistant infant?
Anxious/ avoidant Uninterested in environment Little distress mom goes Avoid contact mom returns May/not be wary of strangers Mom..impatient, nonresponsive, over responsive
Anxious/resistant
Anxious even mom there
Distressed mom leaves
Ambivalent mom returns, may resist contact
Wary strangers even w mom
Moms..inconsistent..indifferent to enthusiast
Describe the disorganized/disoriented attachment…
Conflicting responses to mom…avoidant/resistant to closer proximity
Confused, dazed, apprehensive
Often maltreated
Describe adult attachment patterns and how they relate to their children. Using the adult attachment interview to determine intergenerational transmission of attachment.
Types are
Secure autonomous..secure attachment and value relationships.integrate positive and negative about parents. Kids have secure pattern.
Dismissing
Preoccupied
Unresolved…trauma, early loss. Not integrated. Dysfx relationships w own. Abusive, neglectful. Kids disorganized/disoriented type.
What is the difference between dismissing and preoccupied type of adult attachment patterns?
Dismissing…kids anxious/avoiding
Adults don’t value attachment
Guarded, defensive re:
Childhood. Idealize parents but can’t support w ex
Preoccupied…kids anxious/resistant
Kids ambivalent
Confused and incoherent re:
Attachment memories. Childhood was disappointment, try please, role reversal. Still enmeshed and may have anger and resignation.
Describe the different ways males and females relate to their peers.
Females have an enabling style..increases intimacy and equality and noted by agreement, suggestions, support.
Girls place importance on intimate, emotional relationships
Males have restrictive style…interferes with continuing intx
Brag, contradict, interrupt
More into sharing activities and interests.
What determines popularity?
Social behavior more important than attractiveness, size, maturity.
Skilled at initiating and maintaining positive relationships…more outgoing, supportive, communicative, cooperative
Tend to be more intelligent and successful academically
Rejected kids…more aggressive and disruptive
What is the difference between kids who are rejected and who are neglected by their peers?
Rejected kids..more physiological and behavioral problems. Less likely to improve in peer status when change peer group.
Neglected kids…social isolation
When do kids most conform to their peers?
12 to 14.
In general,
Kids who view selves as more competent and worthwhile are less susceptible to peers.
Teens R influenced to do antisocial but also pro social behavior as well. Parents greater influence on life decisions and values. Peers influence attitude and behavior re status in peer grp, music, dress
What are Piaget’s stages of mortality?
Heteronomous morality.. 4 to 7 (cd says 5 to 10)
Morality of realism . Under authority of others. Unchangeable rules. Violation leads to punishment.
Rules absolute, unchangeable,
Imminent justice..break rule equals punishment. Judge acts based on acts consequences. More negative the worse it is. This inflexible reasoning is due to preop egocentrism and parental authority.
Autonomous morality 7 or 8yrs cd says starts 10. Morality of reciprocity. Rules determined by agreement, alterable consequences. Intent most important. Welfare of others
Shift due to intx w peers, release from adults constraint and decrease of preop thought.
Piaget didn’t think kids deliberately lied until 7; studies show by 3 or 4 lie to avoid punishment, embarrassment.
Describe the characteristics and levels of kohlbergs preconventional level of moral reasoning.
Age 4 to 10
Based on consequences.
Behaviors punished considered bad. Rewarded is good.
Level 1..avoid punishment (punishment and obedience)
Level 2..what satisfies own needs as moral (instrumental hedonistic)
Describe the conventional stage of morality.
10 to 13
Stage two of kohlbergs morality theory is based on the desire to maintain existing social laws, norms, rules etc..
Level 3..maintain social approval…
Good boy/good girl
Level 4..obey society’s laws, rules
Avoid scolding of legitimate authority
