Cultural Flashcards
What is the difference between emic and etic?
Etic is a non cultural specific approach that looks at universal principles, like Maslow. Using cultural general or universal criteria for all cultures . Views different cultures through the same lens.
Emic is a culture specific approach. Looking from the inside. Intrinsic distinctions that are meaningful to members, like Gillian.
Gilligan viewed kohl bergs theory of moral development in what way? How did she think of it?
Thought is was based on men. She said male morality is more law and rule centered.
Female morality is based on caring and compassion.
Why do ethnic minorities tend to be under served or I appropriately served by the mental health care system?
Most important variable is the inability of therapists to provide culturally responsive tx.
Also, less acculturated individuals tend to prefer a racially similar therapist.
New immigrants often have family conflict over different levels of acculturation. Often psych distress 1 or 2 years after arrive…figure out country not all thought it would be; reality of leaving home and difficulty of it sets in.
Describe berry’s acculturation model.
I A S M
Proposed a multidimensional construct with two independent dimensions that make 4 modes.
Retention of one’s minority culture
Maintenance of mainstream culture.
1. Integration. Hi retention of minority, hi mainstream. Synthesis of two cultures.
2. Assimilation. Lo minority, hi mainstream. Movement to dominant culture. Moderate stress
3. Separation. Hi minority. Reject mainstream. Retain original and reject dominant. Hi stress
4. Marginalization. Lo minority. Lo mainstream. Hi stress
What is the stance on therapist/client racial similarity?
Most believe similarity by itself is not related to outcome. May reduce premature termination. Other factors include:
Attitude similarity..may he crucial factor for preference
Therapist sensitivity..important for alliance.
Racial/cultural identification..stronger identification, stronger preference for racially similar tx
Who does the minority identity model apply to and what are the 5 stages?
Cdris
African Americans and other oppressed minority groups.
One: conformity..prefer dominant
Negative to own culture
Positive toward dominant
Prefer majority grp therapist
Two: dissonance..confusion
Question dominant grp
Ethnically matched therapist
Three: resistance and immersion Reject dominant Endorse minority Combat racism; hate white Ethnically matched therapist
Four: introspection
Question absolute stance, conflicted
Ethnically matched
Five: synergistic articulation and awareness
Objectively examine; resolves conflict
Tx w attitudes and beliefs most similar to ct ; desire rid of oppression.
What is helms white racial identity developmental model?
Based on the assumption that racial identity status affects how ppl relate and distinguishes 4 intx patterns: parallel, regressive, progressive, crossed. This model has two phases…abandonment of racism
Defining non racist white identity.
6 sequential Stages:
Contact..ignorance, unaware diff
Disintegration intx leads awareness
Reintegration whites superior
Pseudo-independence..reexamine
Immersion-emersion..don’t reject minorities
Autonomy…non racist based on objective view
Model of psychological nigrescence?
PE iii
5 stage development of an African American identity
Pre encounter..blame black for prob Encounter leads to search identity Immersion-emersion..defy both Internalization resolve conflicts, open. Some white pals Internalization-commitment activism
Communication can be a barrier in tx. Discuss hi and lo context communication.
Hi context communication relies on restricted codes. Words and sentences shortened without loss of meaning. Relies on non verbal, culturally defined messages.
African American, Asian, Hispanic and Native American.
Lo context communication
Emphasizes direct, verbal messages and elaborated codes
White ppl
How does healthy cultural paranoia and power/status position impact tx?
Blacks may be less willing to disclose to white. Tx should help bring feelins abt white ppl into cs awareness and identify when it is safe to disclose.
Lower status ppl better at reading higher status grp. White tx may be less familiar w experiences of minority.
What is a culturally encapsulated therapist?
Someone who defines reality according to own beliefs, stereotypes. Insensitive to variations, disregards evidence disproving their assumptions
Compare to cultural universality…
Western concepts of normality considered universal and applicable across all cultures.
Culturally competent…appreciates differences.
Define cultural overgeneralization.
Diagnostic overshadowing.
Cultural overgeneralization. Is when tx assumed all presenting problems are directly related to culture vs other factors. Contributes to drop out and underutilization.
Dx overshadowing …attribute all problems to dx while other explanations, diagnosis not considered.
Ethnic matching is not consistent regarding outcome. It does seem to increase Treatment durations
And Decreased drop out rates.
All ethnic groups especially Asians and less so African Americans.
What should therapists be aware of according to sue?
- Language. Verbal expression valued in us. Standard English not used by bilingual ppl.
- Nonverbal styles vary re: eye contact and gestures etc..
- Middle class values…framework of tx doesn’t work for lower income cts. Ie. more concerned with immediate concerns and want advice and not explore in depth
- Culture bound values…if formal, structured culture and in open ended tx that is hard. Some taught only talk to authority when spoken to. Individual vs collective value
Verbal, emotional, behavioral expressiveness is often goal but not so for all cultures. Or may make uncomfortable.
Healthy cultural paranoia…distrust of whites. Normal rx to racism. Should not be viewed as pathological.
How conduct tx with African American pts?
More brief and concise statements
Less verbal and more emotionally expressive
Work with analogy
Emphasis on nonverbal
Make less eye contact ESP when listening
Benefit from time limited, problem solving, child focused
Expect tx to be active and directive
Acknowledge discrimination may be part of problem and part of their life.
Multi systems approach..family, non bold, outside systems
Need to tend to cultural issues but not over emphasize.
