Community Flashcards
What is the incidence of child abuse in the USA?
2 to 4 thousand children die per year
Over one million mistx per yr by parents
1/22 murders in our country is a child killed by a parent
Once returned from hospital 1/2 end up dead.
What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention?
Primary…prevent onset and therefore reduces incidence of d/o.
Furthest from illness. Before onset.
Vaccination, prenatal nutrition for low SES ppl,sex Ed, parenting class, community wide Aids education, head start
Available for all members of all members vs secondary…identify hi risk individuals (primary is identify high risk populations!)
Secondary..early identification and prompt tx of d/o already exists.
Goal cure or improve illness.
Mammogram. Often identify hi risk group and then screen. Suicide hotlines, crisis intervention. Keep from getting worse.
Tertiary.. reduce residual effects or optimize pt fx with chronic d/o . Closest to illness. Prevent recur, reduce long term consequences.
After onset and tx
AA, day tx, social skills after rehab, half way house..
What are the characteristics of abused children?
Age
Gender
Re sexual abuse
Younger more abused. Ie. 63 percent under 2yrs old; ave age admitted to hospital 15.5 mo
Boys more abuse in early childhood and girls more in teens.
Sexual abuse the trend is reversed.
Overall, girls victims of sexual abuse 2x to 3x more; boys and girls physically abused at same rate
Premature or difficult births linked to higher rates of child abuse.
Physically abused kids ..poorer achievement, cognitive delays, aggressive, behavior problems, fewer friends own age more problems on relationship w adults.
Ho…mildly rejecting parents offer intermittent reinforcement that strengthens dependency behavior
What is secondary prevention and give some examples.
Early detection and treatment to prevent a full blown illness.
Keep from getting worse.
Examples…suicide hotlines, screening tests when have no symptoms, walk in crisis intervention
What is the best predictor of AiDS risk behavior among high school and college kids?
How does this compare to homosexual men?
Community Ed regarding AIDS is a primary prevention strategy.
High school and college kids…perceived peer norms, which is perceived at risk behaviors and attitudes of ones peers, are a better predictor of risk behaviors (vs Knowledge)
Homosexual men hi knowledge equals less risky behavior
Suggests education should target peer norms (peer education, meet peers with aids, peer discussion grps).
What are the risk factors for suicide?
History of attempts is risk for completed suicide.
Over 65 increase risk
Over 85 highest rate
Greatest increase among 15 to 24 yr olds, especially males
Greater number of attempts for younger ppl (100 to 200 per completed) vs 4:1 attempts for elderly
Suicide risk differences between males and females?
Males commit 4 times more.
Males use more lethal means (gun, hanging) vs females (od, poisen)
Females try 3 times more
Who commits suicide more often?
Whites. But peaks after 65
Rates for nonwhites is increasing, especially in 15 to 24 yr olds..
For Native American males..highest rate 15 to 24 age grp. For Black..highest rate is 15 to 44 males.
How does marital status impact suicide?
Marriage lessens risk.
Single, never married higher risk
Even higher for widows..greatest after first ur of loss.
Higher still for divorced.
How does mental health status impact suicide?
Past attempt increases risk of completion.
40 percent of depressed who commit made a previous attempt
Family hx of suicide increases risk
95 percent commit have dx
Dx in order who complete..depressive, substance, schizophrenia.
15 percent with mood do commit.
Mood with psychotic features 5x risk to commit vs other mood do
Highest risk when sx improve
Other suicide risk factors.
State intention to commit.
More if specific plan and means
Behaviors consistent with decision to die..will, give away
Hopelessness central factor
Recent life stress, loss person, job
Lack support
Elderly..physical illness most common reason.
What are the factors regarding adolescent suicide?
Rate has increased among 15 to 19 year olds.
Now second leading cause of death after accidents.
Most often use firearms…increases with intoxication and availability in the home.
Teen boys 3 to 5 times more likely to complete
Teen girls 4 times likely to attempt.
Teens..depression, substance use, antisocial behavior increase risk.
Previous suicidality, exposure direct or indirect to suicide, loss (especially humiliation)
Often impulsive and attempt at manipulation, for attention, express anger, or benefit (avoid obligation).
Most ominous signs..talking about own death, reunion with dead person, giving prized possessions.
Plus withdrawal, poor coping, self destructive behaviors.
What are the factors of suicide among older adults?
Rates increase 65 to 85. 85 yr old white men 4 times more likely than 65 yr olds.
Less likely communicate intent, more likely use violent means, less likely for attention or help.
Risk factors…poor health (70 percent visit doc within month of committing).
Depression sx in 60 to 80 percent who commit but they don’t report and docs didn’t detect.
Schizophrenia, alcohol depend, organic brain do
Warning signs..recent death of spouse, relative, or friend; self destructive behaviors, alter will, negative/hostile interpersonally
When is hospitalization indicated re: suicide?
Hi risk, psychotic, intoxicated, debilitating medical condition, no support system
What are the differences between supervision and consultation?
Supervision- continuous, administrative authority, focus on supervises work related problems
Consultation- voluntary, ad hoc basis (time limited, as needed) can reject suggestions, not usually member of organization, focus on specific problem, voluntary relationship that can be terminated at any time. Help providers give better services.
What are the forms of mental health or psychodynamic consultation?
Client centered case consultation-- Help consultee (tx) w plan for pt Ie. difficult case..discuss or examine ct
Consultee centered case consultation –focus on bring about change in the consultee (not pt)
With one or across cases
Lack knowledge, ability, skill, emotional issues. Theme interference (transference)
Program centered administrative –
Work w administrators to suggest actions for clinic program
Consultee centered administrative–
Focus on consultee (tx) that limit ability to administer program or change or organizational effectiveness
What are the rates of inpatient hospitalization?
Females have more mental illness.
Males higher rates of county inpt hospitalization bc act out.
Both men and women..most inpt are 25 to 44.
Then males 18 to 24.
Females second grp 45 to 64.
Never married highest rate inpt
Then divorced/separated, married, widowed.
Majority white but minorities overrepresented.
What is involuntary commitment based on?
Parens patriae or rt of state to regulate life if incapable of doing
Wyatt v Stickney– federal court ruled if commit then must give tx
Supreme ct–expanded to need for treatment is no longer enough. Mental illness alone not enough. Donaldson v oconner.
2 pc–2 physician certificate. Pts have rights.
What is the most common legal issue that psychologist input is requested? Competency Insanity defense Custody Fact witness
Competency to stand trail.
Dusky v US–set guidelines
–must understand nature of proceedings and able to cooperate
Of those evaluated, 30 percent found incompetent
Then committed usually 6 mo in order get tx and back to trial.
Jackson hearing–not expected to regain competency in foreseeable future. Drop charges and can only be retained on civil commitment procedures.
Describe not guilty by reason of insanity.
From MNaghten test–must have known wrongfulness at time of offense to be sane. Later added act result of irresistible impulse.
Durham test said product of mental illness…overturned and replaced by
AIL rule. American institute rule..unable to appreciate criminality (cognitive) and unable to conform to law (behavioral).
Later added…by clear and convincing evidence.
Successful less than 1 percent of cases.
What are the characteristics of abusive parents? Ses Ethnicity Parent hx Psychological characteristics Other
Lower ses some say reporting bias
Rich can hide abuse
White (3:1 w:b). Other study found non white but may be due to poverty and reporting factors
Hx of abuse themselves(deprivation or loss of parent)
Wide range of disorders (10% psychotic)
Low tolerance for infant behaviors, ignorant normal development, interpret negatively, harsh punishment to control
Increased risk with stress..poverty,
Isolation, marital problems
Puts kids risk for pathology and abusive themselves
One parent abuser. One passive
Sexual abuser..known to victim
