Developmental Periods And Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

0-8 weeks

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2
Q

When is the foetal period?

A

9-40 weeks

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3
Q

When is the developing foetus most prone to deformation?

A

In the embryonic period

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4
Q

When is the neonatal period?

A

0-4 weeks post natal

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5
Q

When is infancy?

A

4-52 weeks postpartum

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6
Q

When is childhood?

A

2 years - puberty

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7
Q

When is adolescence?

A

11-19 years

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8
Q

When does adulthood begin?

A

Around 19 years

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Carnegie stages of development?

A

To standardise the developmental stages across species

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10
Q

What are the 5 early events in embryology?

A

1- gametogenesis
2 - fertilisation
3 - cleavage
4 - gastrulation
5 - formation of the body plan

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11
Q

What is the organogenesis?

A

Formation of the organ systems that occurs in an overlapping timeline

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12
Q

What does cranial refer to?

A

The brain end

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13
Q

What does caudal refer to?

A

The tail end

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14
Q

What does dorsal refer to?

A

Towards the back

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15
Q

What does ventral refer to?

A

Towards front

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16
Q

What does the transverse cut divide?

A

Cranial and caudal ends

17
Q

What does sagittal cut?

A

Between right and left

18
Q

What does the coronal cut?

A

Into ventral and dorsal

19
Q

What is cell division?

A

The increase in the number of cells to influence shape and growth

20
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Changes in appearance and structure to specialise cells

21
Q

What is cell attachment?

A

Development of physical and functional linkages to allow formation of tissue

22
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death to create space and cavities within the body

23
Q

What is induction?

A

The ability of cells to cause others to differentiate through chemical signals

24
Q

What is cell migration?

A

Movement between locations

25
What are the secondary processes of development?
Axis formation, folding/rotation, increase/decrease in mass or dimension
26
Where is sonic hedgehog located?
Ventrally
27
Where are cells more likely to express ventral characteristics?
Closer to sonic hedgehog
28
What des folding and rotation allow?
Development of the disc to a tube and alteration of mass and dimension through hypertrophy and hyperplasia
29
What is hypertrophy?
Growth in size
30
What is hyperplasia?
Growth in numbers
31
What is teratology?
The study of abnormal development
32
What can cause birth defects?
Genetic factors, environmental factors and multi factorial inheritance
33
What are malformations?
Intrinsic abnormal developmental defects. Trisomy 18, Edward syndrome
34
What is disruption?
Extrinsic interference on normal development. (Teratogenic drugs, virus)