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Embryology > Developmental Periods And Terminology > Flashcards

Developmental Periods And Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

0-8 weeks

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2
Q

When is the foetal period?

A

9-40 weeks

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3
Q

When is the developing foetus most prone to deformation?

A

In the embryonic period

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4
Q

When is the neonatal period?

A

0-4 weeks post natal

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5
Q

When is infancy?

A

4-52 weeks postpartum

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6
Q

When is childhood?

A

2 years - puberty

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7
Q

When is adolescence?

A

11-19 years

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8
Q

When does adulthood begin?

A

Around 19 years

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Carnegie stages of development?

A

To standardise the developmental stages across species

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10
Q

What are the 5 early events in embryology?

A

1- gametogenesis
2 - fertilisation
3 - cleavage
4 - gastrulation
5 - formation of the body plan

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11
Q

What is the organogenesis?

A

Formation of the organ systems that occurs in an overlapping timeline

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12
Q

What does cranial refer to?

A

The brain end

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13
Q

What does caudal refer to?

A

The tail end

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14
Q

What does dorsal refer to?

A

Towards the back

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15
Q

What does ventral refer to?

A

Towards front

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16
Q

What does the transverse cut divide?

A

Cranial and caudal ends

17
Q

What does sagittal cut?

A

Between right and left

18
Q

What does the coronal cut?

A

Into ventral and dorsal

19
Q

What is cell division?

A

The increase in the number of cells to influence shape and growth

20
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Changes in appearance and structure to specialise cells

21
Q

What is cell attachment?

A

Development of physical and functional linkages to allow formation of tissue

22
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death to create space and cavities within the body

23
Q

What is induction?

A

The ability of cells to cause others to differentiate through chemical signals

24
Q

What is cell migration?

A

Movement between locations

25
Q

What are the secondary processes of development?

A

Axis formation, folding/rotation, increase/decrease in mass or dimension

26
Q

Where is sonic hedgehog located?

A

Ventrally

27
Q

Where are cells more likely to express ventral characteristics?

A

Closer to sonic hedgehog

28
Q

What des folding and rotation allow?

A

Development of the disc to a tube and alteration of mass and dimension through hypertrophy and hyperplasia

29
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Growth in size

30
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Growth in numbers

31
Q

What is teratology?

A

The study of abnormal development

32
Q

What can cause birth defects?

A

Genetic factors, environmental factors and multi factorial inheritance

33
Q

What are malformations?

A

Intrinsic abnormal developmental defects. Trisomy 18, Edward syndrome

34
Q

What is disruption?

A

Extrinsic interference on normal development. (Teratogenic drugs, virus)

Embryology (11 decks)

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