Developmental Models Flashcards
1
Q
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development
A
1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete Operational
4) Formal Operational
2
Q
Rousseau’s Theory
A
- First described the “natural innately good growth of the child if not mislead by a corrupt social environment.”
3
Q
Kohlberg’s Theory of Development
A
1) Pre-conventional
2) Conventional
3) Post-Conventional
4
Q
Vygotsky’s Theory
A
- Children learn via interaction and within a cultural context.
- Zone of proximal development: the difference b/n what a child can do on his/her own and what he/she can do with help from others
- Children learn by watching adults in the child’s zone of proximal development via language, play, and social interaction
5
Q
Freudian Theory
A
- Id: basic instincts; not in the conscious realm
- Ego: conscious reasoning and common sense
- Superego: regulates sense of right and wrong
- Using psychoanalytic theory parents could gain insight into potential harm done to children in critical years of development by the manner in which their needs are met
6
Q
Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development
A
1) 0-2yrs. Trust vs. mistrust
2) 2-4yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
3) 4-5 Initiative vs. Guilt
4) 5-12yrs. Industry vs. inferiority
5) 13-19yrs. Identity vs. role confusion
6) 20-24 Intimacy vs. isolation
7) 25-64 Generativity vs. stagnation
8) 65+ Ego integrity vs. despair
7
Q
Skinner
A
- Operant conditioning/Behavior modification
- Development is considered a reaction to rewards, punishments, stimuli, and reinforcement
- This theory differs considerably from other theories because it gives no consideration to internal thoughts or feelings
8
Q
Bandura
A
- Social Learning Theory
- Children learn new behaviors from observing other people
- External reinforcement is not the only way that people learn new things
- Intrinsic reinforcements such as a sense of pride, satisfaction, and accomplishment could also lead to learning
9
Q
Maslow
A
- Hierarchy of needs
1) Physiological
2) Safety
3) Love/belonging
4) Esteem
5) Self-actualization
10
Q
Chess and Thomas
A
- Goodness of fit
- Describes the degree to which the child’s environment and parents’ characteristics are congruous with the child’s natural temperamental characteristics
11
Q
Cognitive-Structural Theory
A
- Based on the maturation of the CNS with environmental influences
- Piaget: explained how children used environment to modify themselves, their behavior depending on age related to competency level
12
Q
Piaget: 1) Sensorimotor
A
- Birth-2yr
- Children learn through sensory and motor movements
- Self is most important
- Learn spatial relationships, object permanence, causality
13
Q
Piaget: 2) Preoperational
A
- 2-7yr
- Ego centric perspective
- Cannot understand cause and effect
- Reasoning is flawed
- Focus is on the here and now; some intuitive reasoning starts to develop
14
Q
Piaget: 3) Concrete Operational
A
- 7-12yr
- Use symbols to represent concrete objects
- Perform mental operations in their head
- Declining egocentrism
- Complex school work, logical reasoning
- Good social cognition
15
Q
Piaget: 4) Formal Operational
A
- 13+yr
- Abstract thinking
- Can problem solve with different solutions and outcomes
- Appreciation of differences in individuals, cultures, and societies
- Can think about politics, law, abstract principles
