Developmental Biology Flashcards
Development
progressive path of molecular, cellular, and morphological changes by which a single cell becomes an “adult” multicellular organism
3 D’s of Development
1.) Division of cell
2.) Differentiation
3.) Distribution
Division of cell
E Unum Plurbius
- out of one cell comes many cells
Differentiation
E Plurbius Unum
- out of many cells comes one tissue
Distribution
One cell –> population of cells –> becomes different cell lines, tissues, organs, systems (what type?)
Lineage of organization
1.) atom
2.) molecule
3.) macromolecule
4.) organelle
5.) cell
6.) tissue
7.) organs
8.) organ system
9.) organism
Gross
Visual eye
Microscopic
organelles, cells, tissues
Cytology
study of cells
Cell
fundamental unit of biological activity
Tissue
assembly of cells working together to perform a particular function
Histology
study of structure and function of tissues and their cellular components
Tissue composition
1.) Cells
2.) Intercellular substances
3.) Body fluids
Organology
study of organs, groups of functional types of tissues
Genotype
what your specific genes are saying
Development/Environment
environmental changes affect development
Ex. mother with drug use could cause obesity in child
“Evolution is the action of Ecology on Embryology”
How we interact with our physical environment
epigenetics as a factor of development
Can stress impact growth and development?
Yes
Gamete production
The sex cells
- sperm or egg
Location:
- testis or ovary
Gamete union
egg + sperm–> union
sperm locates egg
sperm enters egg
23+23 chromosomes
Protect and nourish fertilized egg
- female reproduction is key
- internal development
- continuation of species
Reproductive system purpose:
1.) Gamete production
2.) Gamete union
3.) Protect and nourish fertilized egg
Sperm production happens where?
Testicle
Egg production happens where?
Ovaries
4 component parts of male reproductive system
1.) Gonads
2.) Duct system
3.) Accessory glands
4.) Supporting structures
Male duct system
1.) Seminiferous tubules
2.) Epididymis
3.) Vas Deferens
4.) Ejaculatory Duct
5.) Urethra
Male accessory glands
1.) Seminal vesicles
2.) Prostate gland
3.) Bulbourethral gland
Male supporting external structures
1.) scrotum
2.) penis
3.) glans penis
4.) prepuce
Testis (testes)
produce gametes (sperm, 23, XY)
Testis structure and location:
1.) Seminiferous tubules
2.) Interstitial Cells of Leydig
3.) Tunica albuginea
Seminiferous tubules
Location of sperm production and other cells
Interstitial cells of Leydig
Cells that produce the male hormone, testosterone
Tunica albuginea
Dense connective tissue (DCT) capsule
- paired
- anterior surface of body, pelvic region
- Outside Abdominal Cavity
- surrounded by Scrotum
*Cryptorchidism– undescended testicle in which testicle doesn’t move down into scrotum before birth
Inside seminiferous tubules in what location are interstitial cells and sperm released?
Lumen
Testes function
1.) Production of gametes within seminiferous tubules (SPERMATOGENESIS)
2.) Secretion of male hormone by the Interstitial Cells of Leydig
- Sertoli cells
Male hormone
Testosterone
Sertoli cells
provide nutrients, glucose, factors that direct spermatogenesis
- essentially “helper cells” within seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
production of sperm
T/F many sperm cells are made by one seminiferous tubule
True
Vagina=
sheath or scabbard
Functions of testosterone
- Hair growth
- Penile growth
- Spermatogenesis
- Prostate growth
- Aggression
- Increased muscle volume
- Increased red blood cell production
- Improved focus, memory, and mental functions
Why is the testis outside of the body?
Temperature control, but very injury prone since no bone protection
Duct system of males
1.) Seminiferous tubules
2.) Tubuli recti
3.) Rete testes
4.) Ductuli efferentes
5.) Duct of the epididymis
Epididymis structure
Single tightly coiled loop sitting on top of the testes
Epididymis function
transport sperm and seminal fluids
Seminiferous tubules -> head of epididymis -> body of epididymis -> tail of epididymis (out of vas deferens)
Adult seminiferous tubules are 180-200 micrometers in diameter and 30-80 centimeters long…
The TOTAL combined length is about 540 meters while the Empire State Building is only 380 meters tall
- and this is packed into ONE gonadal tissue
- they are highly convoluted and tightly packed within the lobules
- Seminiferous tubules comprise about EIGHTY PERCENT of testicular volume
Do females have a joining to get to urinary system?
No, but we have three holes instead of two
Vas deferens (Seminal ducts) (Ductus deferens) structure
Extends from epididymis (one from each testis) and extends into abdominal cavity along bladder surface and JOINS ejaculatory duct
Vas deferens function
duct for seminal fluid and sperm
Ejaculatory duct structure
formed by union of vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicles, passes through prostate gland & JOINS with urethra
Ejaculatory duct function
transport sperm and seminal fluids and allows entry of prostate fluids, JOINS repro and urinary
Urethra structure
extends from bladder and joins ejaculatory duct within prostate (into 1 tube)
- travels through penis and exists body
- 3 anatomical segments of the urethra
3 anatomical segments of the urethra
1.) bladder
2.) prostatic urethra
3.) penile urethra
Seminal vesicles structure
series of convoluted pouches that are posterior to the bladder
Seminal vesicles function
Produce nutrient part of the secreted seminal fluid
- neutralizes the acidity of the vagina
- makes up most of the seminal fluids, adds prostaglandins, Vitamin C, glucose, and water
Prostate gland structure
Donut shaped gland that surrounds urethra inferior to bladder (balances bladder on top of it)
Prostate gland function
- adds cholesterol, buffers, phospholipids to seminal fluid
- helps make sperm mobile
- high Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) levels indicate prostatic cancer along with PSA levels
What are the problems with the prostate?
- lots of tubes so lots of potential for things to go wrong
- PSA levels (Prostate-Specific Antigens) produced by healthy and malignant cells
Bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s Gland Structure
- 2 small, pea-shaped glands inferior to prostate, each have a duct that opens into urethra
Bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s Gland Function
- adds mucus (lubrication) to ejaculatory fluids for intercourse
- starts secreting prior/during intercourse
Scrotum structure
extending from body wall (external);
skin covered pouch suspended from perineal area and contains:
- 1st part of vas deferens
- epididymis
- testes
Can move (drawn toward or away from body) for protection and temperature
Problem with scrotum
Left swelling may indicate tumor in Left kidney
Penis structure
Contains 3 masses of erectile (vascularized) tissue (3 places for blood to fill)
- 2 corpus cavernosa
- 1 corpus spongiosum
Penis function
surrounds urethra and forms Glans
Glans penis structure
head of penis
Prepuce structure
foreskin that covers Glans
(circumcision removes this?)
4 component parts of female (XX) reproductive system
1.) Gonads
2.) Duct system
3.) Accessory Glands
4.) Supporting structures
Female duct system
1.) uterine tube
2.) uterus
3.) vagina
Female accessory glands
1.) Bartholin
2.) Skene
Female supporting external structures
- mons pubis
- labia majora
- labia minora
- clitoris
- urinary meatus
- vaginal orifice
- hymen
- glands
Ovary
produce gametes (egg, 23, XX)
Female ovary structure
- paired
- size of large almond
- abdominopelvic region
- Internal Abdominal Cavity
- Lateral to midline
- dorsal to oviduct
- anchored to uterus
Sperm produced and released during puberty while females…
are born with all the eggs they will get and they are released during puberty
Ovary structures
1.) Cortex
2.) Graafian follicles
3.) Granulosa cells
4.) Corpus luteum
5.) Tunica albuginea
Cortex
location of thousands of Graafian follicles embedded in connective tissue base
Graafian follicles
house ovum (eggs) during all stages of egg development (1-3)
Granulosa cells
produce estrogens
Corpus luteum
produces progesterone
Tunica albuginea
dense connective tissue around ovary
Function of ovary
1.) Production of gametes within Ovary Cortex – oogenesis
2.) Secretion of female hormones by the Granulosa cells (Estrogens) and Corpus Luteum (Progesterone)
Oogenesis
Production of eggs
Granulosa cells (that produce estrogen) are analogous to male…
Interstitial cells of Leydig that produce testosterone
Oviduct (Uterine Tube) (Fallopian tube) Structure
Attached to uterus at superior and lateral angles
- tube structure (not actually attached to ovary)
Fimbriae
at distal ends of oviduct that are close to ovary and the CILIATED cells at fimbriae draws egg/oocyte into oviduct
- fertilization occurs in ONE THIRD of oviduct
(finger-like structure)
Problem with oviduct
Tubal pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy
Cilia
(All lead to non viable pregnancy)
Uterus structure
Continuation of oviduct
- pear-shaped muscular tube
- 3’’ X 2’’ X 1’’ (inches)
- pelvic cavity
- Between urinary bladder and rectum
- flanks by ovaries
*Some people can have half a uterus and the uterus can vary in size and shape
*Two tubes in fetus that fuse in embryonic development
*Only so much limit on babies made because only so much room!
Where is the embryo in the female body?
UTERUS (body of uterus)
Does the uterus change after pregnancy?
Yes
Uterus parts
1.) fundus
2.) body
3.) isthmus
4.) cervix
5.) Myometrium
6.) Endometrium
Fundus of uterus
dome-shaped
Body of uterus
compartment/space for baby
Isthmus of uterus
extends into cervix (channel)
Cervix of uterus
extends into vagina
- plugged so baby stays in structure but released during labor
Myometrium of uterus
smooth muscle (3-12mm thick)
Endometrium of uterus
lining (4ish mm thick) that sheds each month
Why do pregnant women have to pee so much?
uterus gets bigger and pushes on bladder below it
Where does pregnancy happen?
uterus
Functions of uterus
1.) menstruation to remove lining
2.) pregnancy
3.) labor and expulsion of fetus and can induce labor
*preparation for pregnancy
Problems with uterus
Prolapse
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometriosis
Prolapse of uterus
- delivery too soon
- can come out of body
- pushes cervix into vaginal area
- moving tissue down
Endometrial hyperplasia
growing too much tissue lining
Endometriosis
Lining spreads outward
Vagina (canal) structure
between urethra and rectum
- muscular tube
- mucous membrane
- flexible
- acidic environment (very easy to offset environment because things get in there)
Why are women more susceptible to urinary tract infections
GI and reproductive to urinary is so close while in males there is more distance
*Shorter tube to urinary
Vagina function
Receives seminal fluids placed near cervix (ejaculatory fluid released here)
- lower portion of birth canal
- Excretory duct for uterine secretions and fluids for menstruation (period blood) and intercourse
Female accessory glands
1.) Bartholin gland
2.) Skene gland
Bartholine gland of females structure
“BARTH wants the vagina”
- paired and empty near VAGINAL orifice (internal)
- between vagina and rectum
- more pea-sized and can become inflammed
Function of Bartholine glands
Secretes product into vagina during intercourse (similar to Cowper’s Gland in males)
Skene gland of females structure
“peeing on a SKEleton toilet cover”
- paired and empty near URETHRAL orifice
- between urethra and vagina
Function of Skene gland of females
Produces alkaline mucus during intercourse and provides lubrication
- enhances sperm for fertilization
- surrounded by clitoral tissue
- antimicrobial fluid
- Similar to Prostate Gland in males
Female supporting external structure
Vulva
Vulva female structure
Contains urinary and reproductive parts
Vulva female function
surrounds urethra vaginal orifice, protection
Vulva parts
1.) mons pubis
2.) labia majora
3.) labia minora
4.) clitoris
5.) urinary meatus
6.) vaginal orifice
7.) hymen
8.) glands
9.) perinerum
mons pubis
skin covered pad of fat over pubic symphysis
labia majora
“major lips” covered with hair, majority of vulva
labia minora
“minor lips” covered with modified skin, has erectile tissue
clitoris
small mound of erectile tissue (Glans in males)
urinary meatus
opening of urethra
vaginal orifice
Opening to vagina; distal portion of birth canal
hymen
mucous membrane stretches across external vaginal opening (fragments of it in adults, but old wise tale that it could be used to check for virginity; however, the hymen can break or not break depending on many factors)
Glands
Skene or Bartholine Gland
Perinerum
Space between vaginal opening and anus
Problems with vulva
UTI
Cysts
Episiotomy (cutting tissue so stretch and baby can come out easier)
How many orifices do females have?
3
How many orifices do males have?
2
