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Embryology > Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Developmental Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

progressive path of molecular, cellular, and morphological changes by which a single cell becomes an “adult” multicellular organism

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2
Q

3 D’s of Development

A

1.) Division of cell
2.) Differentiation
3.) Distribution

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3
Q

Division of cell

A

E Unum Plurbius
- out of one cell comes many cells

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

E Plurbius Unum
- out of many cells comes one tissue

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5
Q

Distribution

A

One cell –> population of cells –> becomes different cell lines, tissues, organs, systems (what type?)

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6
Q

Lineage of organization

A

1.) atom
2.) molecule
3.) macromolecule
4.) organelle
5.) cell
6.) tissue
7.) organs
8.) organ system
9.) organism

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7
Q

Gross

A

Visual eye

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8
Q

Microscopic

A

organelles, cells, tissues

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9
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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10
Q

Cell

A

fundamental unit of biological activity

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11
Q

Tissue

A

assembly of cells working together to perform a particular function

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12
Q

Histology

A

study of structure and function of tissues and their cellular components

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13
Q

Tissue composition

A

1.) Cells
2.) Intercellular substances
3.) Body fluids

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14
Q

Organology

A

study of organs, groups of functional types of tissues

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15
Q

Genotype

A

what your specific genes are saying

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16
Q

Development/Environment

A

environmental changes affect development

Ex. mother with drug use could cause obesity in child

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17
Q

“Evolution is the action of Ecology on Embryology”

A

How we interact with our physical environment

epigenetics as a factor of development

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18
Q

Can stress impact growth and development?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Gamete production

A

The sex cells
- sperm or egg

Location:
- testis or ovary

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20
Q

Gamete union

A

egg + sperm–> union
sperm locates egg
sperm enters egg
23+23 chromosomes

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21
Q

Protect and nourish fertilized egg

A
  • female reproduction is key
  • internal development
  • continuation of species
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22
Q

Reproductive system purpose:

A

1.) Gamete production
2.) Gamete union
3.) Protect and nourish fertilized egg

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23
Q

Sperm production happens where?

A

Testicle

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24
Q

Egg production happens where?

A

Ovaries

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25
Q

4 component parts of male reproductive system

A

1.) Gonads
2.) Duct system
3.) Accessory glands
4.) Supporting structures

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26
Q

Male duct system

A

1.) Seminiferous tubules
2.) Epididymis
3.) Vas Deferens
4.) Ejaculatory Duct
5.) Urethra

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27
Q

Male accessory glands

A

1.) Seminal vesicles
2.) Prostate gland
3.) Bulbourethral gland

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28
Q

Male supporting external structures

A

1.) scrotum
2.) penis
3.) glans penis
4.) prepuce

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29
Q

Testis (testes)

A

produce gametes (sperm, 23, XY)

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30
Q

Testis structure and location:

A

1.) Seminiferous tubules
2.) Interstitial Cells of Leydig
3.) Tunica albuginea

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31
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Location of sperm production and other cells

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32
Q

Interstitial cells of Leydig

A

Cells that produce the male hormone, testosterone

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33
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Dense connective tissue (DCT) capsule
- paired
- anterior surface of body, pelvic region
- Outside Abdominal Cavity
- surrounded by Scrotum

*Cryptorchidism– undescended testicle in which testicle doesn’t move down into scrotum before birth

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34
Q

Inside seminiferous tubules in what location are interstitial cells and sperm released?

A

Lumen

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35
Q

Testes function

A

1.) Production of gametes within seminiferous tubules (SPERMATOGENESIS)
2.) Secretion of male hormone by the Interstitial Cells of Leydig
- Sertoli cells

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36
Q

Male hormone

A

Testosterone

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37
Q

Sertoli cells

A

provide nutrients, glucose, factors that direct spermatogenesis
- essentially “helper cells” within seminiferous tubules

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38
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm

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39
Q

T/F many sperm cells are made by one seminiferous tubule

A

True

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40
Q

Vagina=

A

sheath or scabbard

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41
Q

Functions of testosterone

A
  • Hair growth
  • Penile growth
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Prostate growth
  • Aggression
  • Increased muscle volume
  • Increased red blood cell production
  • Improved focus, memory, and mental functions
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42
Q

Why is the testis outside of the body?

A

Temperature control, but very injury prone since no bone protection

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43
Q

Duct system of males

A

1.) Seminiferous tubules
2.) Tubuli recti
3.) Rete testes
4.) Ductuli efferentes
5.) Duct of the epididymis

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44
Q

Epididymis structure

A

Single tightly coiled loop sitting on top of the testes

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45
Q

Epididymis function

A

transport sperm and seminal fluids
Seminiferous tubules -> head of epididymis -> body of epididymis -> tail of epididymis (out of vas deferens)

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46
Q

Adult seminiferous tubules are 180-200 micrometers in diameter and 30-80 centimeters long…

A

The TOTAL combined length is about 540 meters while the Empire State Building is only 380 meters tall
- and this is packed into ONE gonadal tissue
- they are highly convoluted and tightly packed within the lobules
- Seminiferous tubules comprise about EIGHTY PERCENT of testicular volume

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47
Q

Do females have a joining to get to urinary system?

A

No, but we have three holes instead of two

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48
Q

Vas deferens (Seminal ducts) (Ductus deferens) structure

A

Extends from epididymis (one from each testis) and extends into abdominal cavity along bladder surface and JOINS ejaculatory duct

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49
Q

Vas deferens function

A

duct for seminal fluid and sperm

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50
Q

Ejaculatory duct structure

A

formed by union of vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicles, passes through prostate gland & JOINS with urethra

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51
Q

Ejaculatory duct function

A

transport sperm and seminal fluids and allows entry of prostate fluids, JOINS repro and urinary

52
Q

Urethra structure

A

extends from bladder and joins ejaculatory duct within prostate (into 1 tube)
- travels through penis and exists body
- 3 anatomical segments of the urethra

53
Q

3 anatomical segments of the urethra

A

1.) bladder
2.) prostatic urethra
3.) penile urethra

54
Q

Seminal vesicles structure

A

series of convoluted pouches that are posterior to the bladder

55
Q

Seminal vesicles function

A

Produce nutrient part of the secreted seminal fluid
- neutralizes the acidity of the vagina
- makes up most of the seminal fluids, adds prostaglandins, Vitamin C, glucose, and water

56
Q

Prostate gland structure

A

Donut shaped gland that surrounds urethra inferior to bladder (balances bladder on top of it)

57
Q

Prostate gland function

A
  • adds cholesterol, buffers, phospholipids to seminal fluid
  • helps make sperm mobile
  • high Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) levels indicate prostatic cancer along with PSA levels
58
Q

What are the problems with the prostate?

A
  • lots of tubes so lots of potential for things to go wrong
  • PSA levels (Prostate-Specific Antigens) produced by healthy and malignant cells
59
Q

Bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s Gland Structure

A
  • 2 small, pea-shaped glands inferior to prostate, each have a duct that opens into urethra
60
Q

Bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s Gland Function

A
  • adds mucus (lubrication) to ejaculatory fluids for intercourse
  • starts secreting prior/during intercourse
61
Q

Scrotum structure

A

extending from body wall (external);
skin covered pouch suspended from perineal area and contains:
- 1st part of vas deferens
- epididymis
- testes
Can move (drawn toward or away from body) for protection and temperature

62
Q

Problem with scrotum

A

Left swelling may indicate tumor in Left kidney

63
Q

Penis structure

A

Contains 3 masses of erectile (vascularized) tissue (3 places for blood to fill)
- 2 corpus cavernosa
- 1 corpus spongiosum

64
Q

Penis function

A

surrounds urethra and forms Glans

65
Q

Glans penis structure

A

head of penis

66
Q

Prepuce structure

A

foreskin that covers Glans
(circumcision removes this?)

67
Q

4 component parts of female (XX) reproductive system

A

1.) Gonads
2.) Duct system
3.) Accessory Glands
4.) Supporting structures

68
Q

Female duct system

A

1.) uterine tube
2.) uterus
3.) vagina

69
Q

Female accessory glands

A

1.) Bartholin
2.) Skene

70
Q

Female supporting external structures

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris
  • urinary meatus
  • vaginal orifice
  • hymen
  • glands
71
Q

Ovary

A

produce gametes (egg, 23, XX)

72
Q

Female ovary structure

A
  • paired
  • size of large almond
  • abdominopelvic region
  • Internal Abdominal Cavity
  • Lateral to midline
  • dorsal to oviduct
  • anchored to uterus
73
Q

Sperm produced and released during puberty while females…

A

are born with all the eggs they will get and they are released during puberty

74
Q

Ovary structures

A

1.) Cortex
2.) Graafian follicles
3.) Granulosa cells
4.) Corpus luteum
5.) Tunica albuginea

75
Q

Cortex

A

location of thousands of Graafian follicles embedded in connective tissue base

76
Q

Graafian follicles

A

house ovum (eggs) during all stages of egg development (1-3)

77
Q

Granulosa cells

A

produce estrogens

78
Q

Corpus luteum

A

produces progesterone

79
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

dense connective tissue around ovary

80
Q

Function of ovary

A

1.) Production of gametes within Ovary Cortex – oogenesis
2.) Secretion of female hormones by the Granulosa cells (Estrogens) and Corpus Luteum (Progesterone)

81
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of eggs

82
Q

Granulosa cells (that produce estrogen) are analogous to male…

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig that produce testosterone

83
Q

Oviduct (Uterine Tube) (Fallopian tube) Structure

A

Attached to uterus at superior and lateral angles
- tube structure (not actually attached to ovary)

84
Q

Fimbriae

A

at distal ends of oviduct that are close to ovary and the CILIATED cells at fimbriae draws egg/oocyte into oviduct
- fertilization occurs in ONE THIRD of oviduct

(finger-like structure)

85
Q

Problem with oviduct

A

Tubal pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy
Cilia

(All lead to non viable pregnancy)

86
Q

Uterus structure

A

Continuation of oviduct
- pear-shaped muscular tube
- 3’’ X 2’’ X 1’’ (inches)
- pelvic cavity
- Between urinary bladder and rectum
- flanks by ovaries

*Some people can have half a uterus and the uterus can vary in size and shape
*Two tubes in fetus that fuse in embryonic development
*Only so much limit on babies made because only so much room!

87
Q

Where is the embryo in the female body?

A

UTERUS (body of uterus)

88
Q

Does the uterus change after pregnancy?

A

Yes

89
Q

Uterus parts

A

1.) fundus
2.) body
3.) isthmus
4.) cervix
5.) Myometrium
6.) Endometrium

90
Q

Fundus of uterus

A

dome-shaped

91
Q

Body of uterus

A

compartment/space for baby

92
Q

Isthmus of uterus

A

extends into cervix (channel)

93
Q

Cervix of uterus

A

extends into vagina
- plugged so baby stays in structure but released during labor

94
Q

Myometrium of uterus

A

smooth muscle (3-12mm thick)

95
Q

Endometrium of uterus

A

lining (4ish mm thick) that sheds each month

96
Q

Why do pregnant women have to pee so much?

A

uterus gets bigger and pushes on bladder below it

97
Q

Where does pregnancy happen?

A

uterus

98
Q

Functions of uterus

A

1.) menstruation to remove lining
2.) pregnancy
3.) labor and expulsion of fetus and can induce labor

*preparation for pregnancy

99
Q

Problems with uterus

A

Prolapse
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometriosis

100
Q

Prolapse of uterus

A
  • delivery too soon
  • can come out of body
  • pushes cervix into vaginal area
  • moving tissue down
101
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia

A

growing too much tissue lining

102
Q

Endometriosis

A

Lining spreads outward

103
Q

Vagina (canal) structure

A

between urethra and rectum
- muscular tube
- mucous membrane
- flexible
- acidic environment (very easy to offset environment because things get in there)

104
Q

Why are women more susceptible to urinary tract infections

A

GI and reproductive to urinary is so close while in males there is more distance

*Shorter tube to urinary

105
Q

Vagina function

A

Receives seminal fluids placed near cervix (ejaculatory fluid released here)
- lower portion of birth canal
- Excretory duct for uterine secretions and fluids for menstruation (period blood) and intercourse

106
Q

Female accessory glands

A

1.) Bartholin gland
2.) Skene gland

107
Q

Bartholine gland of females structure

A

“BARTH wants the vagina”
- paired and empty near VAGINAL orifice (internal)
- between vagina and rectum
- more pea-sized and can become inflammed

108
Q

Function of Bartholine glands

A

Secretes product into vagina during intercourse (similar to Cowper’s Gland in males)

109
Q

Skene gland of females structure

A

“peeing on a SKEleton toilet cover”
- paired and empty near URETHRAL orifice
- between urethra and vagina

110
Q

Function of Skene gland of females

A

Produces alkaline mucus during intercourse and provides lubrication
- enhances sperm for fertilization
- surrounded by clitoral tissue
- antimicrobial fluid
- Similar to Prostate Gland in males

111
Q

Female supporting external structure

A

Vulva

112
Q

Vulva female structure

A

Contains urinary and reproductive parts

113
Q

Vulva female function

A

surrounds urethra vaginal orifice, protection

114
Q

Vulva parts

A

1.) mons pubis
2.) labia majora
3.) labia minora
4.) clitoris
5.) urinary meatus
6.) vaginal orifice
7.) hymen
8.) glands
9.) perinerum

115
Q

mons pubis

A

skin covered pad of fat over pubic symphysis

116
Q

labia majora

A

“major lips” covered with hair, majority of vulva

117
Q

labia minora

A

“minor lips” covered with modified skin, has erectile tissue

118
Q

clitoris

A

small mound of erectile tissue (Glans in males)

119
Q

urinary meatus

A

opening of urethra

120
Q

vaginal orifice

A

Opening to vagina; distal portion of birth canal

121
Q

hymen

A

mucous membrane stretches across external vaginal opening (fragments of it in adults, but old wise tale that it could be used to check for virginity; however, the hymen can break or not break depending on many factors)

122
Q

Glands

A

Skene or Bartholine Gland

123
Q

Perinerum

A

Space between vaginal opening and anus

124
Q

Problems with vulva

A

UTI
Cysts
Episiotomy (cutting tissue so stretch and baby can come out easier)

125
Q

How many orifices do females have?

A

3

126
Q

How many orifices do males have?

A

2

Embryology (13 decks)

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