Developmental Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Development
A
progressive path of molecular, cellular, and morphological changes by which a single cell becomes an “adult” multicellular organism
2
Q
3 D’s of Development
A
1.) Division of cell
2.) Differentiation
3.) Distribution
3
Q
Division of cell
A
E Unum Plurbius
- out of one cell comes many cells
4
Q
Differentiation
A
E Plurbius Unum
- out of many cells comes one tissue
5
Q
Distribution
A
One cell –> population of cells –> becomes different cell lines, tissues, organs, systems (what type?)
6
Q
Lineage of organization
A
1.) atom
2.) molecule
3.) macromolecule
4.) organelle
5.) cell
6.) tissue
7.) organs
8.) organ system
9.) organism
7
Q
Gross
A
Visual eye
8
Q
Microscopic
A
organelles, cells, tissues
9
Q
Cytology
A
study of cells
10
Q
Cell
A
fundamental unit of biological activity
11
Q
Tissue
A
assembly of cells working together to perform a particular function
12
Q
Histology
A
study of structure and function of tissues and their cellular components
13
Q
Tissue composition
A
1.) Cells
2.) Intercellular substances
3.) Body fluids
14
Q
Organology
A
study of organs, groups of functional types of tissues
15
Q
Genotype
A
what your specific genes are saying
16
Q
Development/Environment
A
environmental changes affect development
Ex. mother with drug use could cause obesity in child
17
Q
“Evolution is the action of Ecology on Embryology”
A
How we interact with our physical environment
epigenetics as a factor of development
18
Q
Can stress impact growth and development?
A
Yes
19
Q
Gamete production
A
The sex cells
- sperm or egg
Location:
- testis or ovary
20
Q
Gamete union
A
egg + sperm–> union
sperm locates egg
sperm enters egg
23+23 chromosomes
21
Q
Protect and nourish fertilized egg
A
- female reproduction is key
- internal development
- continuation of species
22
Q
Reproductive system purpose:
A
1.) Gamete production
2.) Gamete union
3.) Protect and nourish fertilized egg
23
Q
Sperm production happens where?
A
Testicle
24
Q
Egg production happens where?
A
Ovaries
25
4 component parts of male reproductive system
1.) Gonads
2.) Duct system
3.) Accessory glands
4.) Supporting structures
26
Male duct system
1.) Seminiferous tubules
2.) Epididymis
3.) Vas Deferens
4.) Ejaculatory Duct
5.) Urethra
27
Male accessory glands
1.) Seminal vesicles
2.) Prostate gland
3.) Bulbourethral gland
28
Male supporting external structures
1.) scrotum
2.) penis
3.) glans penis
4.) prepuce
29
Testis (testes)
produce gametes (sperm, 23, XY)
30
Testis structure and location:
1.) Seminiferous tubules
2.) Interstitial Cells of Leydig
3.) Tunica albuginea
31
Seminiferous tubules
Location of sperm production and other cells
32
Interstitial cells of Leydig
Cells that produce the male hormone, testosterone
33
Tunica albuginea
Dense connective tissue (DCT) capsule
- paired
- anterior surface of body, pelvic region
- Outside Abdominal Cavity
- surrounded by Scrotum
*Cryptorchidism-- undescended testicle in which testicle doesn't move down into scrotum before birth
34
Inside seminiferous tubules in what location are interstitial cells and sperm released?
Lumen
35
Testes function
1.) Production of gametes within seminiferous tubules (SPERMATOGENESIS)
2.) Secretion of male hormone by the Interstitial Cells of Leydig
- Sertoli cells
36
Male hormone
Testosterone
37
Sertoli cells
provide nutrients, glucose, factors that direct spermatogenesis
- essentially "helper cells" within seminiferous tubules
38
Spermatogenesis
production of sperm
39
T/F many sperm cells are made by one seminiferous tubule
True
40
Vagina=
sheath or scabbard
41
Functions of testosterone
- Hair growth
- Penile growth
- Spermatogenesis
- Prostate growth
- Aggression
- Increased muscle volume
- Increased red blood cell production
- Improved focus, memory, and mental functions
42
Why is the testis outside of the body?
Temperature control, but very injury prone since no bone protection
43
Duct system of males
1.) Seminiferous tubules
2.) Tubuli recti
3.) Rete testes
4.) Ductuli efferentes
5.) Duct of the epididymis
44
Epididymis structure
Single tightly coiled loop sitting on top of the testes
45
Epididymis function
transport sperm and seminal fluids
Seminiferous tubules -> head of epididymis -> body of epididymis -> tail of epididymis (out of vas deferens)
46
Adult seminiferous tubules are 180-200 micrometers in diameter and 30-80 centimeters long...
The TOTAL combined length is about 540 meters while the Empire State Building is only 380 meters tall
- and this is packed into ONE gonadal tissue
- they are highly convoluted and tightly packed within the lobules
- Seminiferous tubules comprise about EIGHTY PERCENT of testicular volume
47
Do females have a joining to get to urinary system?
No, but we have three holes instead of two
48
Vas deferens (Seminal ducts) (Ductus deferens) structure
Extends from epididymis (one from each testis) and extends into abdominal cavity along bladder surface and JOINS ejaculatory duct
49
Vas deferens function
duct for seminal fluid and sperm
50
Ejaculatory duct structure
formed by union of vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicles, passes through prostate gland & JOINS with urethra
51
Ejaculatory duct function
transport sperm and seminal fluids and allows entry of prostate fluids, JOINS repro and urinary
52
Urethra structure
extends from bladder and joins ejaculatory duct within prostate (into 1 tube)
- travels through penis and exists body
- 3 anatomical segments of the urethra
53
3 anatomical segments of the urethra
1.) bladder
2.) prostatic urethra
3.) penile urethra
54
Seminal vesicles structure
series of convoluted pouches that are posterior to the bladder
55
Seminal vesicles function
Produce nutrient part of the secreted seminal fluid
- neutralizes the acidity of the vagina
- makes up most of the seminal fluids, adds prostaglandins, Vitamin C, glucose, and water
56
Prostate gland structure
Donut shaped gland that surrounds urethra inferior to bladder (balances bladder on top of it)
57
Prostate gland function
- adds cholesterol, buffers, phospholipids to seminal fluid
- helps make sperm mobile
- high Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) levels indicate prostatic cancer along with PSA levels
58
What are the problems with the prostate?
- lots of tubes so lots of potential for things to go wrong
- PSA levels (Prostate-Specific Antigens) produced by healthy and malignant cells
59
Bulbourethral gland/Cowper's Gland Structure
- 2 small, pea-shaped glands inferior to prostate, each have a duct that opens into urethra
60
Bulbourethral gland/Cowper's Gland Function
- adds mucus (lubrication) to ejaculatory fluids for intercourse
- starts secreting prior/during intercourse
61
Scrotum structure
extending from body wall (external);
skin covered pouch suspended from perineal area and contains:
- 1st part of vas deferens
- epididymis
- testes
Can move (drawn toward or away from body) for protection and temperature
62
Problem with scrotum
Left swelling may indicate tumor in Left kidney
63
Penis structure
Contains 3 masses of erectile (vascularized) tissue (3 places for blood to fill)
- 2 corpus cavernosa
- 1 corpus spongiosum
64
Penis function
surrounds urethra and forms Glans
65
Glans penis structure
head of penis
66
Prepuce structure
foreskin that covers Glans
(circumcision removes this?)
67
4 component parts of female (XX) reproductive system
1.) Gonads
2.) Duct system
3.) Accessory Glands
4.) Supporting structures
68
Female duct system
1.) uterine tube
2.) uterus
3.) vagina
69
Female accessory glands
1.) Bartholin
2.) Skene
70
Female supporting external structures
- mons pubis
- labia majora
- labia minora
- clitoris
- urinary meatus
- vaginal orifice
- hymen
- glands
71
Ovary
produce gametes (egg, 23, XX)
72
Female ovary structure
- paired
- size of large almond
- abdominopelvic region
- Internal Abdominal Cavity
- Lateral to midline
- dorsal to oviduct
- anchored to uterus
73
Sperm produced and released during puberty while females...
are born with all the eggs they will get and they are released during puberty
74
Ovary structures
1.) Cortex
2.) Graafian follicles
3.) Granulosa cells
4.) Corpus luteum
5.) Tunica albuginea
75
Cortex
location of thousands of Graafian follicles embedded in connective tissue base
76
Graafian follicles
house ovum (eggs) during all stages of egg development (1-3)
77
Granulosa cells
produce estrogens
78
Corpus luteum
produces progesterone
79
Tunica albuginea
dense connective tissue around ovary
80
Function of ovary
1.) Production of gametes within Ovary Cortex -- oogenesis
2.) Secretion of female hormones by the Granulosa cells (Estrogens) and Corpus Luteum (Progesterone)
81
Oogenesis
Production of eggs
82
Granulosa cells (that produce estrogen) are analogous to male...
Interstitial cells of Leydig that produce testosterone
83
Oviduct (Uterine Tube) (Fallopian tube) Structure
Attached to uterus at superior and lateral angles
- tube structure (not actually attached to ovary)
84
Fimbriae
at distal ends of oviduct that are close to ovary and the CILIATED cells at fimbriae draws egg/oocyte into oviduct
- fertilization occurs in ONE THIRD of oviduct
(finger-like structure)
85
Problem with oviduct
Tubal pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy
Cilia
(All lead to non viable pregnancy)
86
Uterus structure
Continuation of oviduct
- pear-shaped muscular tube
- 3'' X 2'' X 1'' (inches)
- pelvic cavity
- Between urinary bladder and rectum
- flanks by ovaries
*Some people can have half a uterus and the uterus can vary in size and shape
*Two tubes in fetus that fuse in embryonic development
*Only so much limit on babies made because only so much room!
87
Where is the embryo in the female body?
UTERUS (body of uterus)
88
Does the uterus change after pregnancy?
Yes
89
Uterus parts
1.) fundus
2.) body
3.) isthmus
4.) cervix
5.) Myometrium
6.) Endometrium
90
Fundus of uterus
dome-shaped
91
Body of uterus
compartment/space for baby
92
Isthmus of uterus
extends into cervix (channel)
93
Cervix of uterus
extends into vagina
- plugged so baby stays in structure but released during labor
94
Myometrium of uterus
smooth muscle (3-12mm thick)
95
Endometrium of uterus
lining (4ish mm thick) that sheds each month
96
Why do pregnant women have to pee so much?
uterus gets bigger and pushes on bladder below it
97
Where does pregnancy happen?
uterus
98
Functions of uterus
1.) menstruation to remove lining
2.) pregnancy
3.) labor and expulsion of fetus and can induce labor
*preparation for pregnancy
99
Problems with uterus
Prolapse
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometriosis
100
Prolapse of uterus
- delivery too soon
- can come out of body
- pushes cervix into vaginal area
- moving tissue down
101
Endometrial hyperplasia
growing too much tissue lining
102
Endometriosis
Lining spreads outward
103
Vagina (canal) structure
between urethra and rectum
- muscular tube
- mucous membrane
- flexible
- acidic environment (very easy to offset environment because things get in there)
104
Why are women more susceptible to urinary tract infections
GI and reproductive to urinary is so close while in males there is more distance
*Shorter tube to urinary
105
Vagina function
Receives seminal fluids placed near cervix (ejaculatory fluid released here)
- lower portion of birth canal
- Excretory duct for uterine secretions and fluids for menstruation (period blood) and intercourse
106
Female accessory glands
1.) Bartholin gland
2.) Skene gland
107
Bartholine gland of females structure
"BARTH wants the vagina"
- paired and empty near VAGINAL orifice (internal)
- between vagina and rectum
- more pea-sized and can become inflammed
108
Function of Bartholine glands
Secretes product into vagina during intercourse (similar to Cowper's Gland in males)
109
Skene gland of females structure
"peeing on a SKEleton toilet cover"
- paired and empty near URETHRAL orifice
- between urethra and vagina
110
Function of Skene gland of females
Produces alkaline mucus during intercourse and provides lubrication
- enhances sperm for fertilization
- surrounded by clitoral tissue
- antimicrobial fluid
- Similar to Prostate Gland in males
111
Female supporting external structure
Vulva
112
Vulva female structure
Contains urinary and reproductive parts
113
Vulva female function
surrounds urethra vaginal orifice, protection
114
Vulva parts
1.) mons pubis
2.) labia majora
3.) labia minora
4.) clitoris
5.) urinary meatus
6.) vaginal orifice
7.) hymen
8.) glands
9.) perinerum
115
mons pubis
skin covered pad of fat over pubic symphysis
116
labia majora
"major lips" covered with hair, majority of vulva
117
labia minora
"minor lips" covered with modified skin, has erectile tissue
118
clitoris
small mound of erectile tissue (Glans in males)
119
urinary meatus
opening of urethra
120
vaginal orifice
Opening to vagina; distal portion of birth canal
121
hymen
mucous membrane stretches across external vaginal opening (fragments of it in adults, but old wise tale that it could be used to check for virginity; however, the hymen can break or not break depending on many factors)
122
Glands
Skene or Bartholine Gland
123
Perinerum
Space between vaginal opening and anus
124
Problems with vulva
UTI
Cysts
Episiotomy (cutting tissue so stretch and baby can come out easier)
125
How many orifices do females have?
3
126
How many orifices do males have?
2
