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zimzalabim > DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Flashcards

TARGET GRADE MO IS 4O POINTS (OR BEYOND)

1
Q

All multicellular organisms arise by a
slow process of progressive change
called

A

Development

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2
Q

Is a process by which a
multicellular organism arises,
initially from a single cell- the
fertilized egg, which
divides mitotically to produce all the
cells of the body.

A

Development

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3
Q

Fertilized egg

A

Zygote

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4
Q

The study of animal development ,from that stage of an organism that
exists between fertilization and birth.

A

Embryology

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5
Q

Observational biology

A

Embryology

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6
Q

Is the field of science that explores the
potential of an unorganized fertilized cell to form a definite adult
animal

A

Developmental biology

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7
Q

Development accomplishes two major objectives

A

It generates cellular diversity and order within each
generation.

It ensures the continuity of life from one generation
to the next.

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8
Q

Fertilized egg becomes an adult through a series of

A

Non-equivalent cell divisions

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9
Q

Create different cell types each achieving different fates.

A

Non-equivalent cell divisions

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10
Q

By the end of development we have skin cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, and many other cells types each having different fates. We call these cell types as

A

Specialized cells

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11
Q

Are the result of differential inheritance of cytoplasm by two daughter cells during mitosis.

A

Lineage differences

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12
Q

Are the result of two daughter cells occupying different cellular environments and receiving different types of signals from that environment.

A

Positional differences

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13
Q

Is the process by which new tissue is created from specialized, pre-programmed adult tissue.

A

Regeneration

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14
Q

Is the process by which cells acquire different fates as a result of differences in the expression of a constant genome.

A

Differentiation

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15
Q

Formation and
maintenance of pluripotent, haploid
germ cells (gametes)

A

Gametogenesis

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16
Q

Credited with 1st notions on embryology

A

Aristotle

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17
Q

Hypothesized that all animals originate from an egg

A

William Harvey

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18
Q

Drew 1st micrographs of developing chick embryos ; ignited debate between preformationist and epigenesists

A

Marconi Malpighi

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19
Q

After approximately
forty or ninety days, the fetus
appears as

A

Formatus

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20
Q

Embryonic structures are
preformed within the gamete
(either egg or sperm)

A

Preformation

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21
Q

What did Malphigi found?

A

embryonic structures in “unincubated”
eggs ; the eggs were left in the warm sun of southern Italy during summer months, so although unincubated they were not unfertilized and some embryonic development occured

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21
Q

The embryonic structures
arise anew from the interaction
of substances within the
gametes

A

Epigenesis

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22
Q

Visualized epigenesis of embryonic germ layers

A

Christian Pander

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23
Q

Described notochord, discovered mammalian egg and proposed 4 laws of development

A

Karl Ernst von Baer

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24
Q

Described pharyngeal arches, skull formation

A

Martin Rathke

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25
Q

Primary males sex organ

A

Testes

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25
Q

Primary females sex organ

A

Ovaries

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26
Q

Male gametes (sex cells)

A

Sperm

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27
Q

Female gametes (sex cells)

A

Ova (eggs)

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28
Q

The determining factor for gonad
differentiation is

A

Testosterone

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29
Q

Occurs when ovulation and
menses cease entirely

A

Menopause

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29
Q

Sperm production

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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30
Q

Stimulates the production of testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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31
Q

Development of male characteristics

A

Testosterone

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32
Q

Capsule that
surrounds each
testis

A

Tunica albuginea

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33
Q

Extensions of
the capsule that
extend into the
testis and divide
it into lobules

A

Septa

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33
Q

Function as
sperm-forming factories

A

Seminiferous tubules

34
Q

Empty sperm into the..

A

Rete testis

35
Q

Sperm travels through the rete
testis to the..

A

Epididymis

36
Q

Produce testosterone

A

Interstitial cells

37
Q

Support sperm production

A

Sertoli cells (nurse cells)

37
Q

How many days does epididymis functions to mature and store sperm cells?

A

at least 20 days

38
Q

Transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.

A

Vas deferens

39
Q

Contents of spermatic cord

A

Cremasteric muscle, Testicular, ductus deferens,nerves

40
Q

Adjusts testes to control temperature

A

Cremasteric muscle

41
Q

Carries both urine and sperm

41
Q

Produces a thick, yellowish secretion

A

Seminal Vesicles

42
Q

Secretes a milky fluid; helps to activate sperm, enters the urethra
through several
small ducts

A

Prostate Gland

43
Q

Cleanses the urethra of
acidic urine ; produces a thick, clear mucus, secreted into the penile
urethra

A

Bulbourethral Glands

44
Q

Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

45
Q

Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen

45
Q

Advantages of accessory gland
secretions

A

Fructose provides energy for sperm cells

Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the
acidic environment of vagina

Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication

Elements of semen enhance sperm motility

46
Q

Delivers sperm into the female reproductive
tract

47
Q

Regions of the penis

A

Shaft, Glans penis (enlarged tip), Prepuce (foreskin

48
Q

Average sperm per ejaculation

A

200-500 million sperms (3.4 ml/ejaculate)

49
Q

High sperm per ejaculation

49
Q

Low sperm per ejaculation

50
Q

Steps to Ejaculation

A

Arousal,Plateau,Orgasm, Resolution and Refraction

51
Q

Preperation for orgasm, which lasts from 30 secs to 2 minutes

52
Q

Orgasm occurs in two phases

A

Emission and Ejaculation

53
Q

The point of no return

54
Q

Semen is deposited near the ________, ready for ejaculation

55
Q

Occurs in a series of rapid-fire contractions of the penile muscles and around the base of the anus

A

Ejaculation

56
Q

Anterior Pituitary begins secreting small amounts of FSH and LH at ages

A

7-8 yrs old

57
Q

FSH and LH production increases until

A

11-13 yrs old= Puberty

58
Q

Group of structures at external opening of vagina

59
Q

Function of vulva

A

Sensory arousal, glands for lubrication

60
Q

Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin

A

Labia Majora

61
Q

Fold of skin between labia majora, very vascular and merge to form hood over clitoris

A

Labia minora

62
Q

Space enclosed by labia minora

63
Q

Secretes mucus during arousal

A

Bartholin’s gland

63
Q

Anterior to urethral meatus

64
Q

Area for episiotomy, if needed, during birth process

65
Q

Structures of breast

A

Nipple,Areola,Alveolar glands

66
Q

Pigmented area under nipple

67
Q

Major internal organs in females

A

Ovary,Vagina,Uterus, Uterine (fallopian tube)

68
Q

Cortex of ovaries are covered by a layer of epithelial cells which is

A

Germinal epithelium

69
Q

Fertilization occurs in

A

Fallopian tube

70
Q

Body of the uterus

A

fundus,body,cervix

71
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

Epimetrium,Myometrium,Endometrium

72
Q

Secretes serous fluid to coat and protect uterus

A

Epimetrium

73
Q

Innermost lining,vascular, tubular glands-mucus

A

Endometrium

74
Q

Connects ovary to uterus

A

Ovarian Ligament

75
Q

Connects ovary to pelvic wall

A

Suspensory Ligament

76
Q

Encloses uterine tube and connects it to sides of uterus

A

Broad Ligament

77
Q

Fibromuscular cords that help hold uterus in place

A

Round ligament

78
Q

Birth canal

79
Q

Wall is thin but very distendable

A

Muscular tube

80
Q

Secretes lubricating fluid during sexual arousal

81
Q

At its lower end,mucosa folds inward and forms a member which is

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