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BL1102 > Developmental Bio > Flashcards

Developmental Bio Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA -> Transcription -> RNA -> Translation -> Protein

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2
Q

What are untranslated regions (UTRs)?

A

Sections before a start codon (ATG) and after a stop codon that don’t make it into the protein.

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3
Q

What are removed via splicing during transcription?

A

Introns

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4
Q

Why is Drosophila a good model system?

A

Rapid life cycle, small in size, genetically tractable & has accessible embryos.

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5
Q

What is homeosis?

A

The transformation of one body region/part so that it resembles another.

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6
Q

Segment differentiation in Drosophila shows examples of what 4 concepts?

A

Morphogenetic gradients, developmental fields, positional information and boundaries.

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7
Q

What determines the differentiation pathways which control positioning in Drosophila?

A

The Hox code

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8
Q

Name 4 parts of “development.”

A

Growth, regional specification, morphogenesis and cell differentiation.

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9
Q

What is potency?

A

The total things tissue can develop into in the appropriate environment.

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10
Q

What is a morphogen?

A

A substance with variable levels which cause different target gene activities - different responses + threshold effects.

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11
Q

Why is bicoid an example of a morphogen?

A

It has asymmetric localisation, as it induces the head and thorax.

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12
Q

What makes morphogen gradients so important?

A

Cells have the potential to develop differently depending on the concentration of them morphogen in that region.

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13
Q

What is an embryonic field?

A

An area of embryo/tissue within which a certain process occurs.

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14
Q

Why are Xenopus laevis useful in experimental embryology?

A

They produce large, amenable eggs.

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15
Q

What is induction in embryology?

A

An embryonic region interacts with another to influence its behaviour or differentiation, using chemical singles from cells or the environment.

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16
Q

What is specification?

A

When a tissue/cell develops autonomously into a particular structure after isolation from the embryo.

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17
Q

What is the name for the potential tissue has to respond to induction?

A

Competence

18
Q

What is fate?

A

The final state of cells/tissue during normal development.

19
Q

What is determination?

A

Irreversible commitment of a tissue/cell to develop into a particular type, regardless of surroundings.

20
Q

What is mosaicism?

A

When the map of specified regions are determined independently and match the fate map.

21
Q

What is regulation?

A

When the map of specified regions does not match the fate map so it is re-established on uncommitted tissue.

22
Q

What are the 4 stages of lineage commitment?

A
  1. Undifferentiated
  2. Specified
  3. Determined
  4. Differentiated
23
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

When one cell fulfils a role and a signal passes so the next cell develops into something else.

24
Q

What causes stripes in every segment of anthropods?

A

The ‘segment polarity’ gene, expressed at the phylotypic stage.

25
Q

What is the name for different genes in front and back regions of organism?

A

Dorsal-ventral patterning.

26
Q

What are master control genes?

A

Genes which set in motion a chain of developments.

27
Q

Give some examples of likely developmental mechanisms present in the Urbilaterian.

A

Pax6 gene for eyes, Distalless gene for appendages and tinnan gene for hearts.

28
Q

What is the Urbilaterian?

A

The first bilaterian animal.

29
Q

With such deep homologous, what is one way bilaterians become so diverse?

A

Mutations

30
Q

What is subfunctionalisation of duplicated genes?

A

Both daughter cells remain.

31
Q

What is neofunctionalisation of duplicated genes?

A

Daughter cells evolve new functions.

32
Q

What is nonfunctionalisation of duplicated genes?

A

One daughter cell is lost/redundant.

33
Q

What is the DDC model?

A

Duplication, Degeneration and Complementation.

34
Q

What is the role of modular regulatory elements?

A

They control expression of genes in distinct contexts.

35
Q

What is pleitropy?

A

When genes have multiple functions.

36
Q

What is heterotopy?

A

Evolution via changing topological arrangement of structures.

37
Q

What is heterometry?

A

Evolution via changing the size of structures, and so changing the expression levels.

38
Q

What is heterotypy?

A

Evolution via changing types of structures.

39
Q

What is the name for the recruitment of developmental networks into evolutionary novelties?

A

Co-option

40
Q

What is heterochrony?

A

Evolution via changing timing of developmental events.

BL1102 (14 decks)

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