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Neuroscience I Exam #2 > Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does primary neurulation extend from?

A

Brain to the lumbar spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the caudal eminence?

A

The caudal eminence induces the creation of the sacral and coccygeal parts of the spinal cord. It is part of secondary neurulation.

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3
Q

Almost all cells of the NS come from neuroepithelium (neural tube), except for:

A

Microglia, which are developed monocytes from mesenchyme.

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4
Q

Where do the brain vesicles begin to form?

A

Above the 4th somites

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5
Q

3 brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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6
Q

When does the forebrain and hindbrain divide?

A

Wk 5

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7
Q

What does the prosencephalon divide into?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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8
Q

What does the rhombencephalon divide into?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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9
Q

Cervical flexure demarcates:

A

Demarcates the hindbrain from SC

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10
Q

Pontine flexure demarcates:

A

Divides the hindbrain into metencephalon and myelencephalon.

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11
Q

Cephalic flexure demarcates:

A

Bend between midbrian and forebrain

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12
Q

What develops from weeks 6-32? (2)

A

Basal ganglion

Cortical structure

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13
Q

Components of telencephalon (6)

A 
Cerebral cortex
Subcortical white matter
Olfactory bulb and tract
Basal ganglia
Amygdala
Hippocampus
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14
Q

Components of diencephalon (4)

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Eyes (CN II)

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15
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Results from incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres.

Many facial abnormalities can happen.

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16
Q

Causes of Holoprosencephaly (3)

A

Genetic
Maternal diabetes
Teratogens

17
Q

What are the sources of the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary?

A

Anterior: first arch ectoderm
Posterior: neuroectoderm

18
Q

What part of the neural tube will become the SC?

A

Caudal to the 4th somites

19
Q

What is the sulcus limitans?

A

It separates the alar and basal plates within the SC

20
Q

Zones of the spinal cord

A 
Ventricular zone (stem cell layer)
Intermediate zone (grey matter)
Marginal zone (white matter)
21
Q

Nerve fibers from the basal plate (3)

A

Motor to skeletal muscle and preganglionic ANS:
GSE
SVE
GVE

22
Q

Nerve fibers from the alar plate (4)

A 
Sensory within CNS:
GVA
SVA
GSA
SSA
23
Q

Syringomyelia is:

What is it associated with?

A

Fluid filled cavity develops within the SC.

Hydrocephalus.

24
Q

What is deformed in Chiari malformations?

A

Deformity of the hindbrain

25
Q

Chiari type I

A

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils thru foramen magnum.

Often can be asymptomatic, but can have sx that align with problems in lower CNs.

26
Q

Chiari type II

A

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils and medulla thru foramen magnum.
Hydrocephalus.
Lower CN problems.

27
Q

Dandy Walker Malformation (Cyst)

A

Large posterior fossa cyst continuous with 4th ventricle.
Hypoplasia of cerebellum.
Atresia of foramina of Luschka and Magendie.

28
Q

Hydranencephaly

A

Absence of cerebral hemisphere, but brainstem intact.
Excessive head growth after birth.
Little/no cognitive development.

29
Q

Cytodifferentiation of cerebrum (lamina I-VI, superficial to deep)

A

Lamina I - mainly dendrites.
Laminae II-III - mainly neurons.
Laminae IV - receives inputs from thalamus.
Lamina V - projects into structures like the brainstem, SC and basal ganglia.
Lamina VI - projects primarily into the thalamus.

30
Q

Lissencephaly

A

AKA smooth brain.
Problem with neuronal migration during wks 12-24.
Child may have apnea, poor feeding or abnormal muscle tone.

31
Q

Microcephaly

A

Sign, not a dx.
Can be from lack of brain development or injury to previously normal developing brain.
Can be caused by genetics, infection, brain injury, etc.

32
Q

Cortical layers are laid down:

A

Inside out (deep to superficial)

33
Q

How is cerebellum developed?

A

Dorsal parts of alar plates –> cerebellar swellings –> project into 4th ventricle and fuse

34
Q

Position of SC in adult and infants:

A

Adults: L1-L2
Infants: L2-L3

35
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to:

A

Neurons on DRG
Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
Schwann cells
Smpathetic ganglia

36
Q

CNS myelination

A

Starts in lower brainstem with the older tracts first.

Done by oligodendrocytes. Begins 6 mo to puberty.

37
Q

PNS myelination

A

Motor roots before sensory roots.
Schwann cells.
Begins 4th mo.

38
Q

Spina bifida occulta
Meningocele
Meningomyelocele
Myelocele

A

Spina bifida occulta: imcomplete closure of vertebra.
Meningocele: protrusion of meninges.
Meningomyelocele: protrusion of the meninges and can contain SC.
Myelocele: SC is open to the outside.

39
Q

Anencephaly

A

Top of the head is exposed

Neuroscience I Exam #2 (14 decks)

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