Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience I Exam #2 > Chemical Messengers > Flashcards

Chemical Messengers Flashcards

1
Q

Where are neurons that make ACh? (2)

A

Brainstem.

Striatum of basal ganglia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of ACh from the striatum?

A

Control of voluntary motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of ACh from the brainstem?

A

Baseline excitation to cortex.

REM sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ACh is synthesized from:

What transporter move ACh into a vesicle?

What removes ACh from synapse?

A

Choline and acetate.

VAChT.

AChE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Muscarinic receptors of ACh
M1
M4
M5

A

M1: neuronal. Gq.
M4: presynaptic autoreceptor; striatum of basal ganglia. Gi.
M5: cerebrovasculature; basal ganglia. Gq.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Location of nAChRs in the body (3)

A

NMJ
ANS
CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can nAChRs allow Ca++ in?

A

There are 5 subunits and 16 genes. They can change their properties to allow Ca++.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Inhibitory AAs

A

GABA

Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is GABA found?

A

Most in superior CNS. Decreases as you move inferiorly (SC has least).

Major inhibitory AA in CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 critical roles of GABA

A

Consciousness
Motor control
Vision (retina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is GABA synthesized from?
What enzyme is important in its synthesis?
How does it get into vesicles?
How is it removed from synapse?

A

Glutamate
GAD (glutamate decarb)
VGAT
GAT1, GAT2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GAT1 vs GAT2

A

GAT1 is on presynaptic terminals and reuptakes GABA.

GAT2 is on glia/astrocytes nearby that turn it into glutamine and that re-enters the presynaptic terminal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

GABA A receptor:

Modulators:

A

Ionotropic.
Increases Cl- –> IPSP

Modulated by Benzos, EtOH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can GABA receptors be used as a target for anesthetics?

A

GABA A exists on many extra-synaptic places, and therefore it is targeted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GABA B receptor:

How does its location on the presynaptic or postsynaptic terminal effect its function?

A

Metabotropic.
Gi/Go pathways (+ K+ channels, - Ca++ channels).

Presynaptic: regulate NT release.
Postsynaptic: inhibits post-synaptic cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Location of Glycine:

Function:

Produced from:

How is it removed from synapse?

A

Most in SC, and decreased as you move superiorly.

Mediates spinal inhibitions.

Glycine

GAT proteins, or recycled

17
Q

What is the receptor for Glycine?

What does it lead to?

What can potentiate it?

A

Ionotropic.

Influx of Cl- –> IPSP at SC.

EtOH and anesthetics potentiate it.

18
Q

Stychnine function

A

Blocks the glycine receptor and can lead to convulsions

19
Q

What protein allows for uptake of ATP?

A

VNUT

20
Q

P1 receptors and ligand:

Postsynaptic vs presynaptic functions:

A

Receptors for adenosine on post-synaptic terminals.
Postsynaptic functions: Induce sleep and inhibit general neuronal functions.
Presynaptic functions: inhibit NT release.

21
Q

P2X receptors and ligand:

Type of receptor:

A

ATP.

Ionotropic.

22
Q

P2Y receptors and ligand:

Type of receptor:

A

ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP.

Metabotropic (Gi/Gq coupled)

23
Q

Functions of the P2 receptors (3)

A

Learning
Memory
Modification of locomotor pathways

24
Q

Locations of where opiods act (3)

A

Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus
Brainstem

25
Q

General functions of opiods

A

Modify pain sensation

Effect mood/personality

26
Q

Precursor molecules for:

Endorphins:
Enkephalins:
Dynorphins:
Nociceptins:

A

Endorphins: PCOM
Enkephalins: pro-enkephalins
Dynorphins: pro-dynorphins
Nociceptins: orphanin

27
Q

How are opiods removed from synapse?

A

Reuptake are enzymatic destruction

28
Q

u (mu) receptor type and its effects

A

Metabotropic: increase in K+ efflux –> hyperpolarization

Analgesia
Respi depression
Euphoria
Constipation
Sedation
29
Q

Kappa receptor type and effects

A

Metabotropic: decrease Ca++ influx

Analgesia
Dysphoria (depression)

30
Q

Delta receptor type and effects

A

Metabotropic: decrease Ca++ influx

Analgesia

31
Q

2 identified endogenous cannabinoids

A

Anandamine

2-AG

32
Q

Where are the 3 big locations of cannabinoids in the body and what does it effect?

Where else is it located?

A

Basal ganglia: mood, motor control.
SC: modulation of pain.
Cortex: neuroprotection.

Hippocampus and hypothalamus

33
Q

Synthesis of cannabinoids (2)

A

Derived from membrane lipids (arachidonic acid) and occurs in presynaptic terminal.

34
Q

CB1 receptor is found where?

What does it do there? Via which receptor pathway?

A

Found on presynaptic terminal of EAA and GABA releasing synapses.
Inhibits EAA and GABA release via Gi.

35
Q

CB2 receptor is associated with what?
What does it do?
What disease is it associated with?

A

Immune system (microglia, gut, etc).
Anti-inflammatory effects.
May help remove beta-amyloid plaques in patients with AD.

Neuroscience I Exam #2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions