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Neuroendocrine Exam 1 > Development of Orofacial Structures (fellow) > Flashcards

Development of Orofacial Structures (fellow) Flashcards

1
Q

The neurocranium is derived from what embryonic tissue?

What does give rise to?

A

Mesenchyme

bones of the bones that enclose the brain membrane and cartilaginous components

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2
Q

The viscerocranium is derived from what embryological tissue?

What does it give rise to?

A

Mesenchyme

Bones that comprise the facial skeleton, membrane and cartilaginous components

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3
Q

Describe intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchymal origin without cartilage

neurovascularization occurs

osteoblasts come in and deposit osteoid to form bone

if it’s membranous component, it undergoes intramembranous ossification

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4
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A

pre-existing cartilaginous model (long bones)

primary ossification center in the diaphysis

chondrocytes hypertrophy and the matrix calcifies

if it’s a cartilage component, it undergoes endochondral ossification

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5
Q

What bones come from the cartilaginous parts of the neurocranium?

A

Occipital bone

body of sphenoid bone

ethmoid bone

petrous and mastoid parts of temporal bone

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6
Q

What forms from the membranous parts of the neurocranium?

A

Calvaria (frontal and parietal bones)

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7
Q

What bones come from the cartilaginous part of the viscerocranium?

A

neural crest cells give rise to bones and CT

PA1-malleus and incus

PA2-stapes, stylpoid process, lesser horn of hyoid

PA3-greater horn of hyoid

PA4-Laryngeal cartilage

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8
Q

What forms from the membranous part of the viscerocranium?

A

Maxillary Prominence

Maxilla

Zygomatic Bone

Sqaumous part of temporal bone

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9
Q

What is craniosynostosis and what are the types and features?

A

Premature fusion of cranial structures

  • scaphocephaly: sagittal suture effected, long narrow wedge shape head, most common
  • brachycephaly: coronal suture, tower like head
  • plagiocephaly: one side of coronal suture, twisty and asymmetric head
  • trigonocephaly: frontal suture
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10
Q

What are the derivatives of the frontal nasal prominence

A

forehead and apex of nose

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11
Q

What are the derivatives of the lateral nasal prominence?

A

alae of nose

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12
Q

What are the derivatives of the medial nasal prominence?

A

nasal septum

ethmoid bone

cribiform plate

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13
Q

What are the derivatives of the maxillary prominence?

A

upper cheek/upper lip

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14
Q

What are the derivatives of the mandibular prominence?

A

chin

lower lip

cheek

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15
Q

Describe the facial primordium

A

brain development drives rate/shape of head

5 facial primordia (2 max, 2 mand, 1 frontonasal)

Appear during wk 4 and surround stomodeum

separated from pharynx by oropharyngeal membrane

ruptures around day 24

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16
Q

What is the first part of the face to form?

A

Lower jaw and lip (from mandibular prominence)

oropharyngeal membrane disintegrates and the medial ends of the mandibular prominence merge

incomplete fusion results in chin dimple/cleft

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17
Q

Describe the growth of the maxillary prominences

A

grow medially and merge laterally with mandibular prominences

give rise to upper lip, maxilla, and secondary plate

primordial lips and cheeks are invaded by mesencyme from PA 2 to give rise to facial muscles

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18
Q

Describe the frontonasal prominence growth

A

surrounds ventrolateral part of forebrain

gives rise to forehead, rostral boundary of stomodeum and nose

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19
Q

What are nasal placodes?

A
  • bilateral oval thickenings of surface ectoderm on the inferolateral portion of the frontonasal prominence
  • proliferation causes horse-shoe shaped elevations, forming medial and lateral nasal prominences
  • these elevations result in formation of nasal pits (become nostrils)
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20
Q

Describe the growth of the lateral nasal prominence

A

shifted towards midline with medial growth of maxillary prominences

regulated by PDGFRA

fusion results in intermaxillary segment (philtrum)

21
Q

Describe the lateral nasal prominence growth

A

separated from maxillary prominence by nasolacrimal groove

merges with maxillary prominence by end of week 6

22
Q

Describe the auricular primordia

A

six auricular hillocks form around the PA groove 1

developing mandible pushes ears from neck to side of head at the level of the eyes

23
Q

Describe the development of the nostrils

A

nasal placodes form nasal puts

mesenchyme from medial and lateral nasal primnences cause pits to deepen into primordial nasal sacs

nasal scas grow posterior and anterior into the forebrain

oronasal membrane seprates the sacs and ruptures at the end of wk6

24
Q

What is the primordial choanae?

A

connection between nasophayrnx and nasal cavity

25
Q

Describe primary plate palatogenesis

A

fusion of median nasal prominences forms median palatine process

located between maxillary prominences and forms premaxillary part of maxilla

26
Q

Describe secondary plate palatogenesis

A

develops from lateral palatine processes (palatal shelves)

mesenchymal projections extend from internal aspects of maxillary prominences

palatogenesis occurs from wk6-12, critical period between 6-9wks

27
Q

Describe the formation of the final palate

A
  • bone extends from maxillae and palatine bones into lateral palatine processes to form the hard palate
  • posterior portions do not ossify (soft palate and uvula)
  • a palatine raphe is the line of fusion
  • incisive foramen is remnant of nasopalatine canal
28
Q

Describe the formation of the nasal septum

A

downward growth of internal parts of merged medial nasal prominences

fuses with lateral palatine process anterior to posterior

29
Q

Cleft lip and palate

A
  • most common malformation
  • defect in fusion either bilateral or unilateral, with unilateral cleft lip being the most common
  • risk factors: genetics (Shh, TGF), environment (smoking, ETOH, folate def., obesity, antiepileptics)
30
Q

Choanal Atresia

A
  • bony abnormalities of the pterygoid plates and midfacial growth abn.
  • upper airway obstruction, noisy breathing, cyanosis with feeding, better with crying
  • assox. with Treacher-Collins, CHARGE, Kallman, VACTERL
  • can have deviated septum
31
Q

Describe the development of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A
  • “oral part”
  • median lingual swelling appears at end of 4th wk
  • two lateral swellings develop on either side of the median, induced by mesenchyme from PA1
32
Q

Describe the formation of the pharyngeal part of the tongue

A
  • a copula forms from parts of PA 2
  • a hypopharyngeal eminence forms from PA 3-4
  • hypopharyngeal eminence overgrows copula and the terminal sulcus forms where the fusion of the oral and pharyngeal parts meet
33
Q

Describe the formation and innervation of tongue musculature

A

derived from myoblasts of occipital myotomes

CN XII

34
Q

Describe the innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

  • Mucosa:
  • Taste:
  • Musculature
A
  • lingual branch of V3
  • chorda tympani (CN VII)
  • CN XII
35
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

  • mucosa/taste:
  • musculature
  • sensation to pharynx
  • palatoglossus m.
A
  • CN IX
  • CN XII
  • CN X
  • CN X
36
Q

Development pathologies of the tongue

A

Glossochissis: bifid tongue

Ankyloglossia: short frenulum, issues feeding and speaking

Macroglossia: Beckwith-Wiedemann and Down Syndrome, mucopolysaccharidoses

37
Q

Odontogenesis is induced by communication between what cell types?

A

Neural crest cels and oral epithelium

38
Q

Describe dental laminae and tooth buds

A

Dental laminae are u-shaped bands of oral epithelium that follow the curves of the primitive jaws

tooth buds (ten in total) include anterior mandibular, anterior maxillary and posterior

39
Q

Describe the Cap Stage in odontogenesis

A

the tooth bud becomes a cap shape when invested by mesenchyme

tooth bud consists of enamel organ, dental papilla, dental follicle/sac

40
Q

What is the enamel organ?

A
  • ectodermal cells from dental lamina form the enamel
  • outer cell layer is lined by outer enamel epithelium
  • inner cell later lines the papilla and is lined by inner enamel epithelium
  • stellate reticulum found here
41
Q

Describe the dental papilla and dental follicle/sac

A

dental papilla: internal part of the tooth with dentin and pulp

dental follicle/sac: mesenchyme surrounding dental papilla and enamel organ, contains cementum

42
Q

Describe the bell stage of odontogenesis

A

enamel organ becomes bell-shaped due to differentiation of enamel

odontoblasts and ameloblasts form

43
Q

What are odontoblasts?

A

form dental papilla cells next to inner enamel epithelim

predentin calcifies to become dentin

44
Q

What are ameloblasts?

A

inner enamel epithelium differentiates in repsonse to dentin production

produces enamel

45
Q

Describe root development and components

A
  • epithelial root sheath from fusion of inner and outer enamel epithelium
  • root dentin from odontoblasts
  • pulp from central dental papilla
  • cementum from cementoblasts in the inner cells of the dental sacs
  • periodontal L. forms from outer cells of dental sac
46
Q

How does tooth eruption occur?

A

root of tooth and crown erupt through oral epithelium

mandibular teeth go first

deciduous root is reabsorbed by odontoclasts (osteoclasts) and the crown and upper root are shed

(losing baby teeth)

47
Q

Deciduous permanent teeth appear at

A

10wks and are extensions of the dental lamina, lingual to deciduous tooth buds

48
Q

Nondeciduous molars develop how?

A

as buds from posterior extension of the dental laminae

49
Q

tooth buds for permanent teeth appear at different times, including

A

during the fetal period and after birth (2-3rd molars)

32 permanent teeth

Neuroendocrine Exam 1 (22 decks)

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