development of nervous system

Question 1

Neurulation begins what day

Answer 1

22-23

Question 2

where is neural tube located in relation to the somites

Answer 2

cranial to fourth somites

Question 3

three primary brain vesicles

Answer 3

prosencephalon - forbrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - hindbrain

Question 4

5th week which brain vesicles divide

Answer 4

forebrain: prosencephalon
    telencephalon
    diencephalon
hindbrain: rhombencephalon
    metencephalon
    myelencephalon

Question 5

cervical flexure separates what two parts of the developing brain

Answer 5

hindbrain from spinal cord

Question 6

pontine flexure separates what two parts of the developing brain

Answer 6

metencephalon from myelencephalon

Question 7

cephalic flexure separates what two parts of the developing brain

Answer 7

midbrain from diencephalon

Question 8

holoprosencephaly (HPE)

Answer 8

incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres

Question 9

pituitary gland embryo

Answer 9

first arch ectoderm
hypophyseal diverticulum (Rathke's pouch)

posterior lobe is neuroectoderm

Question 10

zones of the spinal cord

Answer 10

ventricular
intermediate (gray matter; cell bodies)
marginal (white matter; axon tracts)

Question 11

spinal cord vs pontine

location of sensory/motor fibers

Answer 11

spinal cord: dorsal = motor; ventral = sensory

pontine: lateral = sensory; medial = motor

Question 12

nuclei from basal plate of sulcus limitans

Answer 12

Mesencephalon:
red nucleas
occulomotor
trochlear (at level of inferior colliculus)

Question 13

GSE CNs

Answer 13

3,4,6,11,12

Question 14

SVE CNs

Answer 14

5,7,9.10

Question 15

GVE CNs

Answer 15

3,7,9,10

Question 16

SVA CNs

Answer 16

1,7,9,10

Question 17

GVA CNs

Answer 17

9,10

Question 18

GSA CNs

Answer 18

5,7,9,10

Question 19

SSA CNs

Answer 19

2,8

Question 20

Syringomyelia

Answer 20

too much fluid in central canal of spinal cord

associated with chiari type 1

Question 21

most common location for syringomyelia

Answer 21

C2-T9

Question 22

hydrocephalus

Answer 22

too much fluid (CSF) in brain (ventricles or subarachnoid space)
communicating vs non-communicating

Question 23

Cerebral palsy types

Answer 23

Spastic - toe walking and scissor gait
Athenoid - slow writhing movements of 
    extremities and/or trunk
Ataxic - incoordination, weakness, shaking during 
    voluntary movement
Mixed

Question 24

cerebral palsy: hemiplegia

Answer 24

both limbs on one side of body affected

Question 25

cerebral palsy: quadriplegia

Answer 25

all 4 limbs equally affected

Question 26

cerebral palsy: diplegia

Answer 26

lower limbs affected more than upper limbs

Question 27

Arnold-chiari malformation

Answer 27

``` 2 types: type 1: associated w/ syringomyelia herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum type 2: associated w/ hydrocephalus herniation of medulla and cerebellum through foramen magnum (can include vermis?) lower cranial nerve problems (myelomengocele?) ```

Question 28

dandy-walker malformation (cyst)

Answer 28

non-communicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus cyst continuous with large 4th ventricle hypoplasia of cerebellum atresia of foramen of luschka and magendie

Question 29

hydrancephaly

Answer 29

due to obstruction of blood flow to the areas supplied by internal carotids absence of cerebral hemispheres brainstem intact

Question 30

Lamina 1 of cerebrum

Answer 30

mainly dendrites

Question 31

Lamina 2 and 3 of cerebrum

Answer 31

mainly contain neurons that project into other areas of the cortex

Question 32

Lamina 4 of cerebrum

Answer 32

receives majority of the inputs from the thalamus larger in sensory regions

Question 33

Lamina 5 of cerebrum

Answer 33

projects mostly into subcortical regions larger in motor regions

Question 34

Lamina 6 of cerebrum

Answer 34

projects primarily to thalamus

Question 35

Lamina of cerebrum developed first

Answer 35

lamina 5 & 6 | followed by 4 --> 3 --> 2

Question 36

Which lamina layer is leftover of MZ

Answer 36

1

Question 37

Lissencephaly or Agyria (smooth brain)

Answer 37

failure of neuronal migration in weeks 12-24

Question 38

cell type of cerebellum (embryo)

Answer 38

neuroectoderm

Question 39

source of sensory neurons in periphery vs cns

Answer 39

periphery: NCC --> spinal ganglion and sensory neurons CNS: Alar plate --> only sensory in CNS

Question 40

what forms PNS? (2)

Answer 40

ncc + ectodermal placode

Question 41

pre-ganglionic vs post-ganglionic fibers

Answer 41

pre: neuroectoderm post: ncc

Question 42

what myelinates CNS/PNS?

Answer 42

CNS: oligodendrocytes PNS: Schwann cells motor roots myelinated first judgement and decision making myelinated last

Question 43

Spina bifida

Answer 43

``` Failure of closure of caudal neuropore Spina bifida occulta meningocele meningomyelocele myelocele ```

Question 44

Anencephaly | encephalocele (with or without brain tissue)

Answer 44

failure of rostral neuropore to close