brain arousal Flashcards
Arousal systems
EAA : RAS or parabrachial nuclei
Cholinergic: Pedunculopontine tegmental and
laterodorsal nuclei (PPT/LDT)
Noradrenergic: locus ceruleus
Serotonergic: Raphe nuclei
Dopaminergic: ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Ach is coming from
PPT/LDT
NE is coming from
Locus ceruleus
Serotonin is coming from
raphe nuclei
dopamine is coming from
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
what are the sensory tracts that send information to the reticular activating system (RAS)
all ascending sensory tracts
trigeminal
auditory
visual
2 pathways of the RAS
Dorsal: via thalamus
Ventral: via basal forebrain and hypothalamus (skips
thalamus)
Where is the parabrachial nuclei located
sensory input?
pons
crucial for arousal/activation (EAA)
sensory inputs similar to RAS
Pathway of RAS vs pathway of parabrachial nuclei
parabrachial nuclei is exclusively ventral pathway
Cholinergic: output pathway
via dorsal and ventral pathways used by RAS
BUT Ach is the NT
Coma –> Arousal/wakefulness requires
Ach and EAA
Ach is primary?
inputs into locus coereuleus (ceruleus?)
paragigantocellularis n? (in rostral portion of medulla)
-sensory input
PAG (periaqueductal grey)
higher centers, including cortex
outputs from the locus coereuleus (ceruleus?)
both ascending and descending
ascending - both dorsal and ventral
what are the ascending fibers from the output from locus coereuleus called?
dorsal noradrenergic bundle
f(x) of the locus coereuleus noradrenergic system
startle and alerting responses on the EEG
sleep-wake
behavioral vigilance
