Development Of Motor Control: Issues And Theories

Question 0

Circle graph

Answer 0

In pictures

Question 1

Define motor control

Answer 1

How humans plan and control movement

Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

First theory of motor control.
Who
Name of theory
Explain

Answer 2

Sir Charles Sherrington

Integrative action of the nervous system 1906

Complex behaviour explained through combined action of individual reflexes

Question 3

Limitations if reflex theory

Answer 3

Doesn’t explain voluntary action

Cannot explain fast movement (sensory feedback from preceding movement = too slow)

Single stimulus can result in varying responses in varying contexts

Cannot explain transference of skill to novel task

Question 4

What does the hierarchical theory involve?

Answer 4

Brain has higher middle and lower levels of control

Higher centres inhibit lower reflex centres

Question 5

Limitation of hierarchical therory

Answer 5

Motor control not always top down

Eg withdrawal reflex

Question 6

Neuro maturational theory

Answer 6

Arnold Gesell
Mapped normal development milestones
Competency achieved at head then trunk then LL
Importance of genetics

Myrtle McGraw
Detailed description of maturation
Twin study
Importance of ENVIRONMENT

Question 7

Current concepts of neuro maturational theory

Answer 7

Reflex action progresses to adaptive behaviour

Cephalon to caudal nature of development

Proximal to distal nature of development

Milestones!

Question 8

Who had cognitive theories?

Answer 8

Piaget

B F Skinner

Question 9

Piaget

Answer 9

Emphasises I traction between maturation and environment

Question 10

B F Skinner

Answer 10

Reinforcement from the environment shapes both motor and cognitive development

Question 11

What do motor programming theories say?

Answer 11

Central motor patterns
Patterned motor responses exist in the absence of a stimulus

Bernstein - The coordination and regulation of movement

Grossberg- central pattern generators. Neural connections that are stereotypes and hardwired

Question 12

Benefits of motor programming theories

Answer 12

Expands Understanding of mechanisms involved in production of movement.

Does not diminish importance of sensory input in controlling movement

Question 13

Limit of motor programming theories?

Answer 13

CMP not the sole determinant of action

Question 14

What is systems theory

Answer 14

Bernstein + biomechanics

Movements the output of the NS filtered through a mechanical system , the body.

Movement is an emergent property- dynamic interaction of multiple systems

Question 15

What is dynamic systems theory?

Answer 15

Movement is a non linear behaviour

Multiple systems impact on outcome, parallel functioning within NS

Behaviour changes when a single parameter is altered to a critical value

Eg velocity: getting from trot of canter

Question 16

What did thelan’s study do?

Answer 16

Studied four babies -> how they grasped objected

Highlighted different experiences and biomechanics in the babies.

Question 17

What does the ecological theory consider

Answer 17

Impact of perception, task and environment

Question 18

What are the aspects of motor control theory?

Answer 18

Action system
Cognitive system
Environment
Task
Perception system

Question 19

What is a more contemporary issue of motor control?

Answer 19

Theory of neuronal group selection

Question 20

what is primary repertoire?

Answer 20

How the brain is produced

Genetically predetermined constraints for neural network formation

Question 21

What is secondary repertoire?

Answer 21

Experience selects for strengthening certain patterns

Allows for unique individual behaviour

Question 22

What does if mean if repertories are mapped?

Answer 22

Multiple naps cross references allowing custom fit motor function adaptable to ext/int changes

Question 23

How does primary repertoire affect learning?

Answer 23

Infants are hard wired with enough motor actions to learn more motor actions

Question 24

Graphs experience dependent neural maturation

Answer 24

Unproductive cells are pruned back
➡️
Used pathways strengthened 
➡️
Primary repertoire + experience with multiple environments leads to adaptive skills

Question 25

What is a sensitive period?

Answer 25

Periods of instability when there is a higher variance in selection of movement strategy represent a special opportunity for directing development

Question 26

Influence of experience and environment on motor development

Answer 26

Movement emerges from interactions between individual, task and environment
Children active participants in their own development

Cultural practices
Timing of early experiences
Nature of early experiences
Opportunity to practice

Question 27

What are the theories of motor development?

Answer 27

Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory
Neuromaturational theory
Cognitive theories
Motor programming theory
Systems/dynamic systems theory
Neuronal group selection theory