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GIGU > Development of GI System > Flashcards

Development of GI System Flashcards

1
Q

Endoderm gives rise to

A

Mucosal epithelium and glands except lower 1/3rd of anus

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2
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to

A

Muscular walls, vascular elements and CT elements

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3
Q

Ectoderm gives rise to

A

Enteric ganglia and nerves/glia (neural crest), epithelium for lower 1/3rd of anus

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4
Q

Dorsal mesentery derivatives

A

Greater omentum- gastrosplenic, gastrocolic, splenorectal ligaments
Small intestine mesentery
Mesosappendix
Transverse/sigmoid mesocolon

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5
Q

Ventral mesentery derivatives

A

Lesser omentum- hepatoduodenal/hepatogastric ligaments
Falciform ligament of liver
Coronary ligament of liver
Triangular ligaments of liver

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6
Q

Foregut derivatives

A 
Oral cavity/oropharynx
Esophagus 
Stomach
Lungs
Liver/gall bladder
Pancreas
Upper duodenum
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7
Q

Innervation of dorsal/ventral stomach

A

Left vagus- ventral stomach

Right vagus- dorsal stomach

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8
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Muscularis externa in region hypertrophies forming a mass at the right costal margin
Sphincter cannot relax due to faulty migration of neural crest cells
Vomiting after feeding, fewer stools, failure to gain weight

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9
Q

Liver formation

A

Begins as diverticulum from gut endoderm that grows into septum transversum
Endoderm differentiates into hepatocytes, bile ducts and hepatic ducts
Liver functions as embryonic hematopoiesis organ

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10
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm contribution to liver

A

Splanchnic mesoderm differentiates into stromal cells, Kupffer cells and stellate cells

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11
Q

Pancreas formation

A

Cystic diverticulum and ventral pancreatic buds sprout into ventral mesentery, dorsal bud sprouts into dorsal mesentery
5th week the ventral pancreas migrates around posteriorly and fuses with dorsal pancreas
Dorsal pancreatic duct connection to duodenum is lost as it reconnects to ventral pancreatic duct may be retained as accessory pancreatic duct

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12
Q

Dorsal pancreas forms

A

Head body and tail of pancreas

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13
Q

Ventral pancreas forms

A

Uncinate process

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14
Q

Annular pancreas

A

Pancreatic anomaly causing duodenal obstruction or stenosis

Causing vomiting it annulus develops inferior to bile duct

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15
Q

Pancreatic divisum

A

Dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts do not connect

Increases risk of pancreatitis

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16
Q

Biliary atresia

A

Obliteration of extrahepatic or intrahepatic ducts
Progressive neonatal jaundice soon after birth
White clay colored stool
Dark urine

17
Q

Midgut derivatives

A 
Lower duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon
18
Q

Rotation of midgut

A

First 90 deg. rotation (50day) brings cecum and future ascending colon into left side
Second 180 deg. rotation (70day) brings cecum to upper right quadrant and ascending colon anterior to duodenum
As midgut returns into cavity (73day) cecum descends to lower right quadrant carrying the ascending colon along with it, so ascending colon ends up along the right side of abdomen

19
Q

Tail of pancreas is located

A

Intraperitoneal

20
Q

Omphalocele

A

Herniation through umbilicus
Peritoneal covering
Increased risk with trisomy 13 or 18
Usually the intestines retract back into the abdomen before closure- but in this case they do not
Could be caused by lateral folding defecting resulting in weak abdominal wall

21
Q

Gastrochesis

A

Herniation through abdominal wall without peritoneal covering

22
Q

Meckels diverticulum

A

Failure of yolk stalk (vitelline duct) connection to the midgut to regress
Rules of 2s: 2% incidence, 2x more common in males, 2% have medical symptoms, 2 feet proximal to terminal ileum, 2 inches long, 2 years of age
Can lead to abdominal swelling, intestinal obstruction, bowel sepsis, GI bleed

23
Q

Non rotation of midgut loop

A

Does not mean ‘no rotation’
Completes first 90 deg. rotation but not the remaining 180 deg.
Ends up with left sided colon and right sided small intestines

24
Q

Reverse gut rotation

A

Completes 90 deg. rotation but then does 180 deg. rotation backwards
Colon ends up on the correct side, but is posterior to the duodenum

25
Q

Volvulus

A

Rolled up, twisted intestines

Increased risk with gut rotation anomalies

26
Q

Intestinal stenosis and atresia

A

During 5th-6th month, lumen of intestines is temporarily obliterated because of endodermal proliferation
Later vacuoles form as endodermal cells degenerate reopening the lumen by end of embryonic period
Causes duodenal (most common in duodenum) stenosis due to ineffective recanalization
Can also cause duodenal atresia
Associated with trisomy 21

27
Q

Hindgut derivatives

A 
Distal 1/3rd of transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Superior 2/3rds of anal canal
28
Q

Separation of cloaca

A

Urorectal septum develops fork-like extensions of the lateral cloacal walls that grow toward one another dividing the cloaca into UG sinus and anal canal
Cloacal membrane ruptures thereby opening both the UG sinus and anal canal to the exterior

29
Q

Rectum vs Anal endoderm/ectoderm and vasculature

A

Rectum- endoderm- superior and middle rectal arteries and veins of hindgut
Anus- ectoderm- inferior rectal arteries and veins

30
Q

Secondarily retroperitoneal organ definition and examples

A

Organs that were originally suspended in mesentery that later fused with the body wall
Ascending/descending colon, duodenum, bulk of pancreas

31
Q

What enlarges to from the greater omentum

A

Dorsal mesogastrum during stomach rotation

32
Q

Stomach rotation

A

Rotates 90 deg.
Left stomach becomes ventral, right side becomes dorsal
Results in the ventral/dorsal location of left/right vagus nerves
Lesser sac ends up behind stomach
Turning van to the right

33
Q

Spleen development

A

Mesenchymal condensation develops in dorsal mesogastrum and is the site of spleen formation. Spleen is derived from mesoderm

34
Q

Formation of anal pit

A

Mesenchyme surrounding anal canal proliferates forming anal pit with ectodermal walls

35
Q

Pectineal line

A

Line dividing origin of hindgut and anal pit (ectoderm/endoderm transition)

36
Q

Imperforated anus

A

Persistent anal membrane
Low, intermediate or high distinction is relative to levator ani and pelvic bony landmarks (above, same level or below levator ani muscle)

37
Q

Defects due to abnormal urorectal septum

A

Rectovaginal- rectum opens into vagina- meconium may be discharged from vagina
Rectovastibule- rectum opens into vaginal vestibule
Rectoperitoneal- rectum opens into peritoneum

38
Q

Hirschsprungs disease

A

Congenital aganglionic megacolon
Absence of ganglionic plexus due to absence of migration of neural crest
Lack of peristalsis (colon cannot relax)
Increase wall thickness due to hypertrophy in intestine proximal to aganglionic segment
Abnormal colonic distension/dilation
Megacolon portion would have ganglion cells, distal portion would be the aganglionic region causing the backup

GIGU (21 decks)

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