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SF2 2 > Development of CNS > Flashcards

Development of CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Germ layer giving rise to both CNS/PNS and parts of skin

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

Germ layer primarily responsible for blood vessels, bones and muscles

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

Germ layer which yields the inner lining of vital organs including notably the liver and pancreas

A

endoderm

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4
Q

Structuring signaling to the neural ectoderm to differentiate and thicken in the early embryo

A

notochord

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5
Q

The neural ectoderm is signalled by the notochord to differentiate and thicken along the future midline of the back. What is formed here?

A

neural plate

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6
Q

Cells at the edge of the neural plate being to proliferate and then unit dorsally to form…

A

neural tube

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7
Q

Pinched areas of the neural fold above the developing neural tobe

A

neural crest

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8
Q

Opening at either end of the developing neural tube

A

neuropores

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9
Q

Function of the anterior neuropore (aka lamina terminalis)

A

Blood osmoregulation in the developing embryo

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10
Q

Name of the process where cells in the midline will fuse and close off (most of) the neural tube

A

neurulation

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11
Q

Three regions of the neural tube do not fuse together via neurulation and must close by other means

A

1) anterior neuropore
2) posterior neuropore
3) rhomboid fossa

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12
Q

Structure(s) in a developed adult where the open neural tube persists

A

Ventricular system in the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

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13
Q

Closing of the anterior neuropore

A

Cerebral hemispheres develop over the area with the lateral ventricles developing from the tube remnant

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14
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure of the anterior portion of the neural tube to close. Characterized by lack of forebrain and most other brain structures

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15
Q

Small opening on the dorsal aspect of the neural tube (1/3 down its length) is referred to as the ____ _____. Cerebellum will develop over this area to close it off and form the fourth ventricle.

A

rhomboid fossa

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16
Q

Failure of the posterior neuropore to close

A

Spina bifida

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17
Q

Failure of the brain to divide into hemispheres

A

Holoprosencephaly

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18
Q

Defects in Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway can lead to ____ _____ or ____ _____ in mild forms while it leads to _____ in severe forms

A

cleft lip; cleft palate; cyclopia

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19
Q

Most common type of cancer in infants/children. Cells derived from neural cells of the medullary zone of the adrenals after differentiating from neural crest

A

neuroblastoma

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20
Q

Diverticulation

A

Process of the rostral neural tube growing and differentiating in further development

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21
Q

Stages of diverticulation

A

3 (“primitive”) vesicle and 5 vesicle stages

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22
Q

Structures present in 3 vesicle stage

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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23
Q

Structures present in 5 vesicle stage

A

1) Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
2) Diencephalon (numerous structures incl. thalamus)
3) mesencephalon (midbrain)
4) metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
5) myelencephalon (medulla)

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24
Q

Transformations from 3 to 5 vesicle stage

A

Prosecncephalon becomes telencephalon and diencephalon. Rhombencephalon becomes metencephalon and myelencephalon

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25
Q

cephalic flexure

A

the bend in the developing midbrain of the embryo used to define neuroanatomical section planes

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26
Q

Cavities in the vesicles in development give rise to the ventricular system. From what structure is the cerebral aqueduct derived?

A

mesencephalon

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27
Q

The caudal/posterior portion of the neural tube goes on to become the spinal cord. What are its layers (in order of formation)?

A

1) ventricular layer
2) marginal layer
3) mantle layer

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28
Q

Layer in the developing spinal cord that generates neuroblasts and glioblasts

A

Ventricular layer

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29
Q

Neuroblasts in the ventricular layer of the spinal cord differentiate into…

A

neurons

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30
Q

Glioblasts in the ventricular layer of the spinal cord differentiate into…

A

1) ependymal cells

2) neuroglia – including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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31
Q

Neurocyte

A

an immature neuron

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32
Q

Layer in the developing spinal cord which is comprised of the primary neuronal cell bodies that form the gray matter of the CNS

A

mantle layer

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33
Q

What forms the white matter of the CNS in the developing spinal cord?

A

Axons from the mantle layer soma extending into the marginal layer

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34
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

Divides neurocyte migration from the ventricular to mantle layer (spinal cord) dorsally/ventrally

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35
Q

Dorsally migrating neurocytes from the ventricular to mantle layer, which represent the sensory neurons of the spinal cord, form this structure

A

alar plate

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36
Q

Ventrally migrating neurocytes from the ventricular to mantle layer, which represent motor neurons of the spinal cord, form this structure

A

basal plate

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37
Q

The alar and basal plate form which structures, respectively, in the mature spinal cord

A

Dorsal horns (sensory) and ventral horns (motor)

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38
Q

Proper ending of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

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39
Q

Bundle of nerves which extend down from the conus medullaris at the end of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina

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40
Q

Anchors the spinal cord to the dura mater and coccyx

A

filum terminale

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41
Q

Spinal cord is stuck to the spinal canal during development. Condition may present with weakness and sensory deficits in the lower extremities that may be alleviated by transection

A

Tethered Spinal Cord

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42
Q

Pyramids of the caudal medulla contain the developing…

A

corticospinal tract

43
Q

The alar plate gives rise to this in the developing medulla

A

Dorsal Column Nuclei containing neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

44
Q

Gracile nucleus in the medulla is used in fine touch / proprioception for what part of the body

A

lower body

45
Q

Cuneate nucleus in the medulla is used in fine touch / proprioception for what part of the body

A

upper body

46
Q

Function of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

A

sensory for fine touch and proprioception

47
Q

Derived from the alar plate, this medulla structure contains relay nuclei for the cerebellum

A

inferior olivary nucleus

48
Q

The caudal roof of the fourth ventricle is the roof plate, which contains this monolayer of ependymal cells covered with pia mater

A

tela choroidea

49
Q

Structure which combines with invaginations of the roof plate to form the choroid plexus, which produces CSF.

A

Pial vessels

50
Q

In the rostral medulla, motor tracts are generally found ______ while sensory tracts are found _____

A

medially (m=motor); laterally (side=s=sensory)

51
Q

The pons carries numerous fiber tracts that convey signals in between the ____ and the _____ and/or ____ _____

A

cortex

brainstem; spinal cord

52
Q

Two main divisions of the pons

A

tegmentum (dorsal pons) and the basilar pons (ventral pons)

53
Q

Made up of transverse axons in the basilar pons that extend beyond the body of the pons to reach the cerebellum

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

54
Q

What is the cerebellum derived from in development?

A

Rhombic lips (part of dorsal alar plate I guess?)

55
Q

Primary neuronal cells of the cerebellum

A

purkinje cells

56
Q

Layers that sensory neuroblasts of the midbrain’s alar plate gives rise to

A

Superior colliculus (visual) and inferior colliculus (auditory)

57
Q

Form the red nucleus and substantia nigra

A

Basal plate of the developing midbrain

58
Q

Location of the cerebral peduncle

A

midbrain

59
Q

Anterior portion of the cerebral peduncle, which contains motor tracts from the cortex to the pons/spinal cord

A

crus cerebri

60
Q

Motor tracts coming from the cortex contained in the crus cerebri (3)

A

Corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine

61
Q

Differentiation of the diencephalon leads to the following structures

A

1) thalamus
2) hypothalamus
3) epithalamus
4) subthalamus
5) optic vesicles, cups, and stalks
6) pituitary gland

62
Q

Sensory relay center of the brain

A

thalamus

63
Q

Controls autonomic function through hormones (via the pituitary gland)

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

Regulates olfaction, sleep/wake cycles, also includes the pineal gland

A

epithalamus

65
Q

Site of melatonin secretion

A

pineal gland

66
Q

Structure derived from the diencephalon which is interconnected with the basal ganglia and involved in motor control

A

subthalamus

67
Q

Origin of the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract

A

Come from the optic vesicles, cups, and stalks which are from diencephalic vesicle walls

68
Q

The anterior lobe of this structure develops from Rathke’s pouch (from ectoderm of primitive oral cavity) and posterior lobe from ventral evagination of the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland (aka hypophysis)

69
Q

Name of tumor from remnants of Rathke’s pouch which compresses optic chiasm and hypothalamus as the most common cause of hypopituitarism in children

A

craniopharyngioma

70
Q

Structure from which the cerebral cortex is derived

A

telencephalon

71
Q

Neurocytes migrating from the mantle to marginal layer of the developing telencephalon form…

A

Neocortex and allocortex (includes paleocortex [olfactory] and archicortex [hippocampus])

72
Q

Left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are connected by…

A

Commissures, which are fiber bundles that connect via the lamina terminalis

73
Q

Commissures linking hemispheres of the brain

A

1) anterior commissure (connects temporal lobes, olfactory cortices, and olfactory bulbs)
2) posterior commissure (connects pretectal structures)
3) corpus callosum (connects homotypical regions on both sides of the brain)

74
Q

Origin of the corpus striatum

A

Derived from the telencephalon

75
Q

Five structures of the corpus striatum

A

1) caudate nucleus
2) putamen
3) amygdaloid nucleus
4) claustrum
5) globus pallidus

76
Q

The putamen and globus pallidus together make up the…

A

lentiform nucleus

77
Q

Separates the lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus

A

internal capsule

78
Q

The caudate nucleus, putamen, and global pallidus together with the substantia nigra collectively make up the…

A

basal ganglia

79
Q

Effect of zika virus

A

Microcephaly/microencephaly (small head/brain)

80
Q

Zika virus infects neural stem cells and reduces their numbers in this stage of development

A

first critical period

81
Q

Period of development characterized by neuron process (presynaptic axons and postsynaptic dendrites) growth and the formation of synaptic connections from the trimester to around 2 years of age

A

second critical period

82
Q

These cells stimulate the activity of the second critical period by secreting instructive signals that facilitate the formation of synapses between appropriate axons/dendrite pairs.

A

astrocytes

83
Q

What occurs in the third stage of neuronal network development (not necessarily a critical period but continuous with them)?

A

Myelination

84
Q

Fourth stage of neural network development

A

synaptic refinement by astrocytes and microglia

85
Q

Lissencephalic appearance

A

Smooth brain. Used in the context of no gyri/sulci present in a four month brain.

86
Q

Matured gyri/sulci observed in the brain

A

gyrencephalic

87
Q

Least severe form of the posterior neuropore failing to close properly

A

spina bifida occulta

88
Q

Most common spina bifida variation in which parts of cerebellum and medulla are pulled through the foramen magnum, extending into the spina canal. Results in neck pain, unsteady gait, difficult swallowing, and coordination problems.

A

Meningomyelocele. Typically present in Arnold-Chairi malformation.

89
Q

Besides meningomyelocele, this condition also associated with Arnold-Chiari malformations features spinal cord cysts which induce bilateral loss of pain and temperature in upper extremities

A

Syringomyelia

90
Q

Myeloschisis

A

most severe spina bifida variant, where the extruded nervous tissue is not covered by skin/meninges

91
Q

Failure in ossification in which the skull fails to close/ossify. May result in hydrocephalus, limb paralysis, and ataxia.

A

encephalocele

92
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Excess CSF (from blockage of circulation or overproduction) leads to dilation of any or all of the ventricles

93
Q

Lack of muscle coordination/control

A

ataxia

94
Q

A type of occipital meningocele where a posterior fossa cyst leads to dilation of the fourth ventricle

A

Dandy-Walker Syndrome

95
Q

Results of Dandy-Walker Syndrome

A
  • Elevated confluence of sinuses

* Agenesis (improper formation) of the cerebellar vermis and splenium of corpus callosum

96
Q

Symptoms of hydrocephalus

A

Headaches, vomiting, irritability, seizures, poor muscle tone, and deficient growth

97
Q

Agenesis of corpus callosum

A

Improper connectivity between the hemispheres, regulated by a specific class of astrocytes

98
Q

Agyria

A

condition of lissencephaly (smooth brained)

99
Q

Polymicrogyria

A

Excessive, small, poorly-formed gyri

100
Q

Heterotopia

A

Improper neuron localization

101
Q

These abnormalities occur as a result of loss of brain tissue (necrosis), often due to hypoxic/ischemic events like fetal stroke.

A

encephaloclastic defects

102
Q

Porencephaly

A

A loss of tissue leading to abnormal opening from the ventricular system to the brain surface

103
Q

Hydranencephaly

A

Necrosed brain tissue is replaced with fluid enclosed in a thin membrane

SF2 2 (14 decks)

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