Development in Primary Years Flashcards
True or False
In most countries children start school 6-7 years old (U.S. 5-6)
True
What is the role of community and society in regards to schooling?
making school a priority within the community
making sure schools are safe and welcoming place for all children
making sure the school has the resources: community members involved in school management and parent-teacher associations
Piaget said that around this time between ages (5-7 to 12 yrs) children operate under this stage
Concrete Operational
Within the Concrete Operational Stage there are three concepts that make up this stage:
Decentration
Reversibility
Causality
This process is where children can coordinate two things at once
Decentration
This process is where children can work “backwords” or reverse their steps
Reversibility
This process is where children understand when event A happens, B is sure to ensue
Cause and Effect
True or False
Piaget’s theory of Concrete Operational Stage is proven with children’s learning of various subjects at school such as math, history,
True
Give examples of how Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage is manifested in school:
History: move from temporal order and understanding to reflect on the past
Geography: will draw map at first based on action space, but then move on to map space (ability to think of space as a whole)
Math: Reversibility and Decentration
*use reason to overcome misleading perceptions
*use counting and number concepts to solve problems
True or False
Piaget’s Theory underestimates children’s abilities; propositional logic is possible even at age 7 or 8 which is much earlier than what Piaget predicted
True
True or False
In some cultures abilities develop differently depending on the child’s experience
True
This is the kind of talk where children talk to themselves in order to solve problems
Self-directed Speech
*Vygotsky
The ability to consciously manipulate language in one’s mind
Verbal Thought
The point at which a task is just beyond a child’s ability to accomplish alone
ZPD
Zone of Proximal Development
According to the Information Processing Theory - Memory consists of four processes
Perception - receive information
Encoding - making sense of the information or stimuli
Consolidation - integrate the information with our existing knowledge or create a new model for storage
Retrieval - retrieving the stored information
True or False
There are two ways in which memory is acquired: Explicit and Implicit
True
Explicit - memory of information we acquire consciously
Implicit - things we know or can do
Memory is embedded in
HINT: ARLE
Attention
Reasoning
Language
Emotion
How do we think about memory?
HINT: TCSD
Time - present, past, future
Content - Episodic (past experiences) / Semantic (knowledge) / Procedural (what we know by doing)
Senses - Visual / Verbal / Scent
Duration - Long-term (medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus) / Short-Term / Working Memory (Prefrontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia)
Name the different ways children can benefit from learning when present in various ways:
Performer Style: movement and rhythm
Rehearsal and Categorization
Auditory Way
Visual
The ability to think about own mental process
Metacognition
Name the metacognitive strategies
Rehearsal - repetion or practice that helps one remember information
Labeling and Organizing - noticing similarities and differences, naming, and grouping
Paying Attention - directing and maintaining attention on what is to be learned
Name forms of External Memory Aids
calendars
task lists
reminder/voice recording
Note Taking
Control Environment
learn small amounts of information over several sessions
Name forms of Internal Memory Aids
encode information from multiple modalities
relate information to personal experiences and current knowledge
check for understanding - ask yourself questions
chunk information - reduce the amount of information processed at one time
verbal rehearsal
mnemonic devices
Name some Attentional Stratgies
limit distracters
choose right time of day and environment
take breaks
shift tasks
focus on one task
actively use information
True or False
Cultures with high rates of school failure tend to be those with the highest poverty levels
True
True or False
Clashes in cognitive style is when a child’s cognitive style does not match with that of the dominant group
True
When a single unit of instruction contains many different learning options - can overcome this problem to some extent
Instructional Pluralism
What are some tips that support Cognitive Development in Primary Years?
ask children to think aloud
make independent judgment about amounts, distances, lengths, order
provide opportunities to observe and determine causes of natural phenomena
make sure lessons are hands-on
plan and structure small and cooperative work groups
