Development in Primary Years

Question 1

True or False

In most countries children start school 6-7 years old (U.S. 5-6)

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is the role of community and society in regards to schooling?

Answer 2

making school a priority within the community

making sure schools are safe and welcoming place for all children

making sure the school has the resources: community members involved in school management and parent-teacher associations

Question 3

Piaget said that around this time between ages (5-7 to 12 yrs) children operate under this stage

Answer 3

Concrete Operational

Question 4

Within the Concrete Operational Stage there are three concepts that make up this stage:

Answer 4

Decentration

Reversibility

Causality

Question 5

This process is where children can coordinate two things at once

Answer 5

Decentration

Question 6

This process is where children can work “backwords” or reverse their steps

Answer 6

Reversibility

Question 7

This process is where children understand when event A happens, B is sure to ensue

Answer 7

Cause and Effect

Question 8

True or False

Piaget’s theory of Concrete Operational Stage is proven with children’s learning of various subjects at school such as math, history,

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Give examples of how Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage is manifested in school:

Answer 9

History: move from temporal order and understanding to reflect on the past

Geography: will draw map at first based on action space, but then move on to map space (ability to think of space as a whole)

Math: Reversibility and Decentration
*use reason to overcome misleading perceptions
*use counting and number concepts to solve problems

Question 10

True or False

Piaget’s Theory underestimates children’s abilities; propositional logic is possible even at age 7 or 8 which is much earlier than what Piaget predicted

Answer 10

True

Question 11

True or False

In some cultures abilities develop differently depending on the child’s experience

Answer 11

True

Question 12

This is the kind of talk where children talk to themselves in order to solve problems

Answer 12

Self-directed Speech
*Vygotsky

Question 13

The ability to consciously manipulate language in one’s mind

Answer 13

Verbal Thought

Question 14

The point at which a task is just beyond a child’s ability to accomplish alone

Answer 14

ZPD

Zone of Proximal Development

Question 15

According to the Information Processing Theory - Memory consists of four processes

Answer 15

Perception - receive information

Encoding - making sense of the information or stimuli

Consolidation - integrate the information with our existing knowledge or create a new model for storage

Retrieval - retrieving the stored information

Question 16

True or False

There are two ways in which memory is acquired: Explicit and Implicit

Answer 16

True

Explicit - memory of information we acquire consciously

Implicit - things we know or can do

Question 17

Memory is embedded in

HINT: ARLE

Answer 17

Attention

Reasoning

Language

Emotion

Question 18

How do we think about memory?

HINT: TCSD

Answer 18

Time - present, past, future

Content - Episodic (past experiences) / Semantic (knowledge) / Procedural (what we know by doing)

Senses - Visual / Verbal / Scent

Duration - Long-term (medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus) / Short-Term / Working Memory (Prefrontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia)

Question 19

Name the different ways children can benefit from learning when present in various ways:

Answer 19

Performer Style: movement and rhythm

Rehearsal and Categorization

Auditory Way

Visual

Question 20

The ability to think about own mental process

Answer 20

Metacognition

Question 21

Name the metacognitive strategies

Answer 21

Rehearsal - repetion or practice that helps one remember information

Labeling and Organizing - noticing similarities and differences, naming, and grouping

Paying Attention - directing and maintaining attention on what is to be learned

Question 22

Name forms of External Memory Aids

Answer 22

calendars

task lists

reminder/voice recording

Note Taking

Control Environment

learn small amounts of information over several sessions

Question 23

Name forms of Internal Memory Aids

Answer 23

encode information from multiple modalities

relate information to personal experiences and current knowledge

check for understanding - ask yourself questions

chunk information - reduce the amount of information processed at one time

verbal rehearsal

mnemonic devices

Question 24

Name some Attentional Stratgies

Answer 24

limit distracters

choose right time of day and environment

take breaks

shift tasks

focus on one task

actively use information

Question 25

True or False

Cultures with high rates of school failure tend to be those with the highest poverty levels

Answer 25

True

Question 26

True or False

Clashes in cognitive style is when a child’s cognitive style does not match with that of the dominant group

Answer 26

True

Question 27

When a single unit of instruction contains many different learning options - can overcome this problem to some extent

Answer 27

Instructional Pluralism

Question 28

What are some tips that support Cognitive Development in Primary Years?

Answer 28

ask children to think aloud

make independent judgment about amounts, distances, lengths, order

provide opportunities to observe and determine causes of natural phenomena

make sure lessons are hands-on

plan and structure small and cooperative work groups