development dynamics - case study: core vs periphery

Question 1

what is the core like

Answer 1

it is usually the city
rich
urban
big business industry
government headquarters
large population

Question 2

what is the periphery like

Answer 2

usually the countryside
poor
rural
raw material extraction industries

Question 3

what does the core have and the periphery does not

Answer 3

core - HAVES
- industries
- government
- social elites
- financial power
- education system

periphery - HAVE NOTS
- mining
- forestry
- agriculture
- little power
- brain drain
- low wages

Question 4

what are the 4 stages of manufacturing

Answer 4

primary - getting goods from the ground
secondary - manufacture/making
quaternary - selling the manufactured goods
tertiary - finance and data information

it’s like making a smoothie:
grow fruit
make smoothie
sell smoothie
customer service

Question 5

information about the core in india

Answer 5

MAHARASHTRA
city of Mumbai
on the west coast of india, bordering Pakistan and the arabian sea
richest region due to the multiplier effect

Question 6

information about the periphery in india

Answer 6

BIHAR
north east of India, bordering nepal
landlocked and to the north there is the Himalayas (hard to cross so a barrier to trade)
poorest state due to it being very rural

Question 7

what is the multiplier effect and how does it make Maharashtra the richest region

Answer 7

when a positive thing happens, it has a knock-on effect
e.g. money spent on economy -> improvement in local economy -> economy grows -> more money will be spent

• TNCs have invested in the region
• biggest investment: services
• industry has grown and grown
• jobs have become available which attracts people
• construction industry has also grown
• the population have jobs leading them to spend more in local businesses leading to growth

Question 8

what is the multiplier cycle in the core

Answer 8

–> TNCs set up factories

Question 9

significance of india

Answer 9

• developing/emerging country
• rapidly developing nation
• growing global influence
• part of BRICS

Question 10

Devotion to state - admirable because as a woman she doesn’t know how Hector is faring - women are far from the

Question 11

social significance of india

Answer 11

• 2nd largest population in the world of 1.46 billion
• 7 of india’s cities are projected to have a pop. more than 10 milli by 2030
• already 5 megacities in india (kolkhata/mumbai/delhi…)
• 74.4% of pop. is literate (rural literacy rates are lower as agricultural work is the main source of income)

Question 12

political significance of india

Answer 12

• active member in many international organisations (UN and G20)
• takes part in peacekeeping missions in developing nations
• largest number of voters in the world so good democracy
• tries to maintain good relations with neighbouring countries

Question 13

cultural significance in india

Answer 13

• 10 million tourists a year
• home to one of the 7 wonders (taj mahal)
• bollywood is the largest film industry
• birthplace of 4 religions

Question 14

facts about india’s economy

Answer 14

• india has the fifth largest economy in the world
• GDP rising steadily over the past 20 years
• this economic growth is majorly due to india’s trade becoming more globalised
  –> more businesses are trading internationally
  –> india’s lifestyle is influenced by other countries’

Question 15

what are 5 main examples of globalisation in india

Answer 15

• home to many TNCs
• TNCs are invest in services
• TNCs exploit workers –> expose them to unsafe conditions without protecting workers’ rights
• TNCs = job opportunities = migration from rural to urban areas
• urbanisation = loss of natural greenfield land - being built on

Question 16

impact of india being home to many TNCs

Answer 16

india is home to many international companies’ offices, especially call centres and customer support - (BT, Barclays). india is a good choice to outsource for transnational companies because:
- india’s second most spoken language is english: many graduates are well-spoken and can easily communicate with customers
- india has lower minimum wage (£1.63) than UK (£12.21), so businesses can reduce costs
- there is a large working population

Question 17

impact of TNCs investing in shops and restaurants in india

Answer 17

TNCs are investing since there is a growing population of working and middle class people who they can sell their goods to
- TNCs have tailored their produce to get more sales in india (glocalisation): removed beef from burgers (hinduism) and added indian inspired food like maharaj mac, paneer passion

Question 18

impact of exploitation by TNCs on india

Answer 18

some TNCs exploit the workers and expose them to unsafe conditions, not protecting workers’ rights
- in factories, workers may be poorly paid and work long hours with few breaks
- to reduce costs, some factories are poorly constructed, not following building regulations which puts workers at risk
e.g. 4 people died when a roof collapsed in a factory in 2020

Question 19

impacts of TNCs creating job opportunities

Answer 19

globalisation is causing migration from rural to urban areas
- some young people don’t want to live in rural areas due to: infrastructure, poor internet, subsistence farming lifestyle
- rural india relies heavily on agriculture for jobs and income - aren’t many other jobs in rural regions
- moving to the city allows young people to attend further education - uni - to earn higher wage

• older generations can’t retire since rural->urban migration takes away working population
• parents left without children to care for them in the future
• shortage of farmers in the future
• migrants come to urban areas with little savings and can’t afford the cost of living - leads to many homeless/living in unsanitary/unsafe shanty towns

Question 20

impact of urbanisation causing loss of greenfield land

Answer 20

urbanisation is resulting in the loss of natural green spaces
- in bengaluru, 19 lakes have been emptied/filled/built over as the city expands
- sewage from informal housing is emptied into local rivers, polluting water
- biodiversity within cities has greatly reduced as concrete covers most land

Question 21

4 ways economic growth has had an impact on indian citizens

Answer 21

• demographic change
• age and gender
• regional contrasts
• urbanisation

Question 22

impact of demographic change on indian citizens

Answer 22

• fertility rates have declined rapidly from 5.2 births per woman in ‘71 to 2.3 bpw now: more women have access to contraception and tradition isn’t so practised
• the government backed family planning programme - reduce fertility rates and in turn aid development: birth rates have fallen from 45/1000 –> 21/1000 in 75 years
• mortality rate has fallen significantly:
  infant –> 129/1000 to 40/1000 in 43 yrs
  maternal –> 500/100,000 to 167/100,000 in 23 yrs
• life expectancy 50 in 1970/75 to 68: varies due to big gap in healthcare and education

Question 23

impact of age and gender on indian citizens

Answer 23

low status of women in india remains a disappointing aspect of life and a hindrance to development

• gender pay gap is still high but the gap has narrowed (mostly in tribal and low castes)
• in 10 years, female literacy rates went from 53.7% to 65.5% (higher improvement than males)
• girls receive less food and medical care than boys
• 1/3 of working age women in india
• in 2015, women made up 12% of indian parliament
• access to finance increased sharply for men and women (still a gap)
• old people may feel left out of the benefits as they haven’t benefited from recent improvements in health and education
  –> most like to remain in rural areas rather than migrate to better living standards in urban areas

Question 24

impact of regional contrasts on indian citizens

Answer 24

• GDP varies greatly between indian states (mean is $1627)
  –> GOA has GDP $3276 above the mean
  –> BIHAR has GDP $945 below the mean
• 2011 - literacy was at its highest in Kerala (94%) and lowest for Bihar (64%)

Question 25

what are the 5 environmental impacts of economic growth in india

Answer 25

air pollution
water pollution
deforestation/desertification
greenhouse gases
climate change

Question 26

air pollution as an impact of economic growth

Answer 26

• WHO: 13/20 top polluted cities are in india (dehli at the top)
• low standard for vehicle emission and fuel
• air pollution reduces life expectancy by 2.3 years
• pollution inhaled from dung-fueled fires killed +1 milli/year (rural)
• air pollution affects labour: many workers suffer from lung/heart disease

Question 27

water pollution as an impact of economic growth

Answer 27

• water supply is under enormous pressure - quality and quantity
• polluted rivers rose from 121 -> 275 in 5 years
• less than 1/3 of sewage generated is treated (the rest flows into water bodies)
• river gagnes and yamona are the most polluted due to industrial waste and agricultural runoff

Question 28

deforestation as an impact of economic growth

Answer 28

deforestation causes flooding, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change
ever-rising demand for forest based materials like urban industrial expansion, mining, construction of reservoirs behind dams

Question 29

greenhouse gases as an impact of economic growth

Answer 29

• 3rd largest emitter of CO2 (relies on coal for energy)
• india wants to reduce emission however there’s still 400 million without electricity
• increase solar/wind/hydroelectric capacity and create a carbon-sink to soak up all the carbon in the air

Question 30

what is India’s top down development scheme

Answer 30

Sardar sarovar Dam in the Narmada river
a large-scale development decided by the government to build a dam to improve water flow and produce electricity in India

Question 31

why does western India require superdams

Answer 31

Population and economy rises, so does demand for water
encourages economic development providing drinking water/electricity
farm dry lands to feed population using irrigation

Question 32

how long will the Narmada river scheme take to build

Answer 32

3000 dams, 30 which are superdams will take 100 years

Question 33

economic benefits and problems with the sardar sarovar dam

Answer 33

BEN
- encourages economic development:provides water/electricity for cities and industries

PROB
- small business farmers lost land due to flooding

Question 34

social benefits and problems with the sardar sarovar dam

Answer 34

BEN
- 3.5 billion tonnes of drinking water and electricity allows for cooking/phones/light for studies

PROB
- farms drowned
- fertile sediment on flood plains lost
- religious and historic monuments flooded
- weight of the dam could induce earthquakes which would lead to mass loss of life
- 234 villages have been flooded resulting in movement of 320, 000 ppl
- rural families can’t afford electricity from the scheme

Question 35

environmental benefits and problems with the sardar sarovar dam

Answer 35

BEN
- water was given to drought-prone cities from canals of 1.8 million hectares irrigating the land

PROB
- farms were flooded

Question 36

what is India’s bottom up development scheme

Answer 36

ASTRA and biogas
a small scale project decided by local communities alongside NGOs, using intermediate technology and cow-dung to produce biogas used for electricity and cooking

Question 37

what is biogas

Answer 37

collect cow-dung - mix with water - becomes a slurry - leave for 45 days underground - emits methane
methane is a gas that is used for heating/cooking/electricity/fertiliser

Question 38

benefits of biogas for the local people in terms of use and maintenance

Answer 38

• costs £60
• no ongoing maintenance
• uses intermediate technology
• 2 cows supplys for a family of 4

Question 39

benefits of biogas for locals

Answer 39

• manure = higher nutrient value: good for crops
• 200, 000 permanent jobs
• girls don’t have to collect wood so more time for education and less deforestation
• smoke free kitchen = less lung cancer
• usage of electricity to pump water for irrigation and drinking