development dynamics - case study: core vs periphery Flashcards
what is the core like
it is usually the city
rich
urban
big business industry
government headquarters
large population
what is the periphery like
usually the countryside
poor
rural
raw material extraction industries
what does the core have and the periphery does not
core - HAVES
- industries
- government
- social elites
- financial power
- education system
periphery - HAVE NOTS
- mining
- forestry
- agriculture
- little power
- brain drain
- low wages
information about the core in india
MAHARASHTRA
city of Mumbai
on the west coast of india, bordering Pakistan and the arabian sea
richest region due to the multiplier effect
information about the periphery in india
BIHAR
north east of India, bordering nepal
landlocked and to the north there is the Himalayas (hard to cross so a barrier to trade)
poorest state due to it being very rural
what is the multiplier effect and how does it make Maharashtra the richest region
when a positive thing happens, it has a knock-on effect
e.g. money spent on economy -> improvement in local economy -> economy grows -> more money will be spent
- TNCs have invested in the region
- biggest investment: services
- industry has grown and grown
- jobs have become available which attracts people
- construction industry has also grown
- the population have jobs leading them to spend more in local businesses leading to growth
significance of india
- developing/emerging country
- rapidly developing nation
- growing global influence
- part of BRICS
social significance of india
- 2nd largest population in the world of around 1.5 billion
- 7 of india’s cities are projected to have a pop. more than 10 milli by 2030
- 74.4% of pop. is literate
political significance of india
- active member in many international organisations (UN and G20)
- takes part in peacekeeping missions in developing nations
- largest number of voters in the world so good democracy
- tries to maintain good relations with neighbouring countries
cultural significance in india
- 10 million tourists a year
- home to one of the 7 wonders (taj mahal)
- bollywood is the largest film industry
- birthplace of 4 religions
facts about india’s economy
- india has the fifth largest economy in the world
- GDP rising steadily over the past 20 years
- india’s trade becoming more globalised
–> more businesses are trading internationally
–> india’s lifestyle is influenced by other countries’
what are 5 main examples of globalisation in india
- home to many TNCs
- TNCs are invest in services
- TNCs exploit workers –> expose them to unsafe conditions without protecting workers’ rights
- TNCs = job opportunities = migration from rural to urban areas
- urbanisation = loss of natural greenfield land - being built on
4 ways economic growth has had an impact on indian citizens
- demographic change
- age and gender
- regional contrasts
- urbanisation
impact of demographic change on indian citizens
- fertility rates have declined rapidly from 5.2 births per woman in ‘71 to 2.3 bpw
- the government backed family planning programme - birth rates have fallen from 45/1000 –> 21/1000 in 75 years
- mortality rate has fallen significantly:
infant –> 129/1000 to 40/1000 in 43 yrs
maternal –> 500/100,000 to 167/100,000 in 23 yrs
impact of age and gender on indian citizens
- in 10 years, female literacy rates went from 53.7% to 65.5% (higher improvement than males)
- girls receive less food and medical care than boys
- in 2015, women made up 12% of indian parliament
- old people may feel left out of the benefits as they haven’t benefited from recent improvements in health and education
impact of regional contrasts on indian citizens
- GDP varies greatly between indian states (mean is $1627)
–> GOA has GDP $3276 above the mean
–> BIHAR has GDP $945 below the mean - 2011 - literacy was at its highest in Kerala (94%) and lowest for Bihar (64%)
what are the 5 environmental impacts of economic growth in india
air pollution
water pollution
deforestation/desertification
greenhouse gases
climate change
air pollution as an impact of economic growth
- WHO: 13/20 top polluted cities are in india (dehli at the top)
- air pollution reduces life expectancy by 2.3 years
- pollution inhaled from dung-fueled fires killed +1 milli/year (rural)
- air pollution affects labour: many workers suffer from lung/heart disease
water pollution as an impact of economic growth
- water supply is under enormous pressure - quality and quantity
- polluted rivers rose from 121 -> 275 in 5 years
- less than 1/3 of sewage generated is treated (the rest flows into water bodies)
deforestation as an impact of economic growth
deforestation causes flooding, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change
ever-rising demand for forest based materials like urban industrial expansion, mining, construction of reservoirs behind dams
greenhouse gases as an impact of economic growth
- 3rd largest emitter of CO2 (relies on coal for energy)
- india wants to reduce emission however there’s still 400 million without electricity
- increase solar/wind/hydroelectric capacity and create a carbon-sink to soak up all the carbon in the air
what is India’s top down development scheme
Sardar sarovar Dam in the Narmada river
a large-scale development decided by the government to build a dam to improve water flow and produce electricity in India
why does western India require superdams
Population and economy rises, so does demand for water
encourages economic development providing drinking water/electricity
farm dry lands to feed population using irrigation
how long will the Narmada river scheme take to build
3000 dams, 30 which are superdams will take 100 years
economic benefits and problems with the sardar sarovar dam
BEN
- encourages economic development:provides water/electricity for cities and industries
PROB
- small business farmers lost land due to flooding
social benefits and problems with the sardar sarovar dam
BEN
- 3.5 billion tonnes of drinking water and electricity allows for cooking/phones/light for studies
PROB
- farms drowned
- fertile sediment on flood plains lost
- religious and historic monuments flooded
- weight of the dam could induce earthquakes which would lead to mass loss of life
- 234 villages have been flooded resulting in movement of 320, 000 ppl
- rural families can’t afford electricity from the scheme
environmental benefits and problems with the sardar sarovar dam
BEN
- water was given to drought-prone cities from canals of 1.8 million hectares irrigating the land
PROB
- farms were flooded
what is India’s bottom up development scheme
ASTRA and biogas
a small scale project decided by local communities alongside NGOs, using intermediate technology and cow-dung to produce biogas used for electricity and cooking
what is biogas
collect cow-dung - mix with water - becomes a slurry - leave for 45 days underground - emits methane
methane is a gas that is used for heating/cooking/electricity/fertiliser
benefits of biogas for the local people in terms of use and maintenance
- costs £60
- no ongoing maintenance
- uses intermediate technology
- 2 cows supplys for a family of 4
benefits of biogas for locals
- manure = higher nutrient value: good for crops
- 200, 000 permanent jobs
- girls don’t have to collect wood so more time for education and less deforestation
- smoke free kitchen = less lung cancer
- usage of electricity to pump water for irrigation and drinking
