development dynamics - case study: core vs periphery

Question 1

what is the core like

Answer 1

it is usually the city
rich
urban
big business industry
government headquarters
large population

Question 2

what is the periphery like

Answer 2

usually the countryside
poor
rural
raw material extraction industries

Question 3

what does the core have and the periphery does not

Answer 3

core - HAVES
- industries
- government
- social elites
- financial power
- education system

periphery - HAVE NOTS
- mining
- forestry
- agriculture
- little power
- brain drain
- low wages

Question 4

information about the core in india

Answer 4

MAHARASHTRA
city of Mumbai
on the west coast of india, bordering Pakistan and the arabian sea
richest region due to the multiplier effect

Question 5

information about the periphery in india

Answer 5

BIHAR
north east of India, bordering nepal
landlocked and to the north there is the Himalayas (hard to cross so a barrier to trade)
poorest state due to it being very rural

Question 6

what is the multiplier effect and how does it make Maharashtra the richest region

Answer 6

when a positive thing happens, it has a knock-on effect
e.g. money spent on economy -> improvement in local economy -> economy grows -> more money will be spent

• TNCs have invested in the region
• biggest investment: services
• industry has grown and grown
• jobs have become available which attracts people
• construction industry has also grown
• the population have jobs leading them to spend more in local businesses leading to growth

Question 7

significance of india

Answer 7

• developing/emerging country
• rapidly developing nation
• growing global influence
• part of BRICS

Question 8

social significance of india

Answer 8

• 2nd largest population in the world of around 1.5 billion
• 7 of india’s cities are projected to have a pop. more than 10 milli by 2030
• 74.4% of pop. is literate

Question 9

political significance of india

Answer 9

• active member in many international organisations (UN and G20)
• takes part in peacekeeping missions in developing nations
• largest number of voters in the world so good democracy
• tries to maintain good relations with neighbouring countries

Question 10

cultural significance in india

Answer 10

• 10 million tourists a year
• home to one of the 7 wonders (taj mahal)
• bollywood is the largest film industry
• birthplace of 4 religions

Question 11

facts about india’s economy

Answer 11

• india has the fifth largest economy in the world
• GDP rising steadily over the past 20 years
• india’s trade becoming more globalised
  –> more businesses are trading internationally
  –> india’s lifestyle is influenced by other countries’

Question 12

what are 5 main examples of globalisation in india

Answer 12

• home to many TNCs
• TNCs are invest in services
• TNCs exploit workers –> expose them to unsafe conditions without protecting workers’ rights
• TNCs = job opportunities = migration from rural to urban areas
• urbanisation = loss of natural greenfield land - being built on

Question 13

4 ways economic growth has had an impact on indian citizens

Answer 13

• demographic change
• age and gender
• regional contrasts
• urbanisation

Question 14

impact of demographic change on indian citizens

Answer 14

• fertility rates have declined rapidly from 5.2 births per woman in ‘71 to 2.3 bpw
• the government backed family planning programme - birth rates have fallen from 45/1000 –> 21/1000 in 75 years
• mortality rate has fallen significantly:
  infant –> 129/1000 to 40/1000 in 43 yrs
  maternal –> 500/100,000 to 167/100,000 in 23 yrs

Question 15

impact of age and gender on indian citizens

Answer 15

• in 10 years, female literacy rates went from 53.7% to 65.5% (higher improvement than males)
• girls receive less food and medical care than boys
• in 2015, women made up 12% of indian parliament
• old people may feel left out of the benefits as they haven’t benefited from recent improvements in health and education

Question 16

impact of regional contrasts on indian citizens

Answer 16

• GDP varies greatly between indian states (mean is $1627)
  –> GOA has GDP $3276 above the mean
  –> BIHAR has GDP $945 below the mean
• 2011 - literacy was at its highest in Kerala (94%) and lowest for Bihar (64%)

Question 17

what are the 5 environmental impacts of economic growth in india

Answer 17

air pollution
water pollution
deforestation/desertification
greenhouse gases
climate change

Question 18

air pollution as an impact of economic growth

Answer 18

• WHO: 13/20 top polluted cities are in india (dehli at the top)
• air pollution reduces life expectancy by 2.3 years
• pollution inhaled from dung-fueled fires killed +1 milli/year (rural)
• air pollution affects labour: many workers suffer from lung/heart disease

Question 19

water pollution as an impact of economic growth

Answer 19

• water supply is under enormous pressure - quality and quantity
• polluted rivers rose from 121 -> 275 in 5 years
• less than 1/3 of sewage generated is treated (the rest flows into water bodies)

Question 20

deforestation as an impact of economic growth

Answer 20

deforestation causes flooding, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change
ever-rising demand for forest based materials like urban industrial expansion, mining, construction of reservoirs behind dams

Question 21

greenhouse gases as an impact of economic growth

Answer 21

• 3rd largest emitter of CO2 (relies on coal for energy)
• india wants to reduce emission however there’s still 400 million without electricity
• increase solar/wind/hydroelectric capacity and create a carbon-sink to soak up all the carbon in the air

Question 22

what is India’s top down development scheme

Answer 22

Sardar sarovar Dam in the Narmada river
a large-scale development decided by the government to build a dam to improve water flow and produce electricity in India

Question 23

why does western India require superdams

Answer 23

Population and economy rises, so does demand for water
encourages economic development providing drinking water/electricity
farm dry lands to feed population using irrigation

Question 24

how long will the Narmada river scheme take to build

Answer 24

3000 dams, 30 which are superdams will take 100 years

Question 25

economic benefits and problems with the sardar sarovar dam

Answer 25

BEN - encourages economic development:provides water/electricity for cities and industries PROB - small business farmers lost land due to flooding

Question 26

social benefits and problems with the sardar sarovar dam

Answer 26

BEN - 3.5 billion tonnes of drinking water and electricity allows for cooking/phones/light for studies PROB - farms drowned - fertile sediment on flood plains lost - religious and historic monuments flooded - weight of the dam could induce earthquakes which would lead to mass loss of life - 234 villages have been flooded resulting in movement of 320, 000 ppl - rural families can't afford electricity from the scheme

Question 27

environmental benefits and problems with the sardar sarovar dam

Answer 27

BEN - water was given to drought-prone cities from canals of 1.8 million hectares irrigating the land PROB - farms were flooded

Question 28

what is India's bottom up development scheme

Answer 28

ASTRA and biogas a small scale project decided by local communities alongside NGOs, using intermediate technology and cow-dung to produce biogas used for electricity and cooking

Question 29

what is biogas

Answer 29

collect cow-dung - mix with water - becomes a slurry - leave for 45 days underground - emits methane methane is a gas that is used for heating/cooking/electricity/fertiliser

Question 30

benefits of biogas for the local people in terms of use and maintenance

Answer 30

- costs £60 - no ongoing maintenance - uses intermediate technology - 2 cows supplys for a family of 4

Question 31

benefits of biogas for locals

Answer 31

- manure = higher nutrient value: good for crops - 200, 000 permanent jobs - girls don't have to collect wood so more time for education and less deforestation - smoke free kitchen = less lung cancer - usage of electricity to pump water for irrigation and drinking