Development Flashcards
Infant stage
Babies born with automatic reflex behaviors (rooting, sucking, grasping, startle)
Adolescence
More Myelination of the frontal lobe may allow for greater self control
Aging
Older adults often experience a decline in short-term memory and attention
Attachment
Emotional connection or relationship between caretaker and baby
Harlows monkey studies
Show that fear of unknown produces attachment. Monkeys preferred soft, Cuddly surrogate mothers even if they did not have food
Monkeys raised without mothers were socially in competent, aggressive, and on able to raise their own babies
Secure attachment
Warm relationship exist between baby and mother infant is not afraid of abandonment
Resistant attachment
Close relationship exist between baby and mother, but baby is afraid of abandonment
Avoidant attachment
Distance relationship between baby and mother, and child seems indifferent to whether mother is present
Autocratic
Parents are strict and rigid and requires obedience in conformity to Rules
Authoritative reciprocal (most effective)
Parents are firm but fair, make and enforce rules but oh wow questions and encourage responsible independence
Permissive
Parents do not make many rules or enforce the ones they make
Ericksons eight stages of psychosocial development
- Trust v.s mistrust (birth-18months)
- Autonomy v.s shame/doubt (18months-3yrs)
- Initiative v.s guilt (3-6)
- Competence v.s inferiority (6-12)
- Identity v.s role confusion (12-18)
- intimacy v.s isolation (19-40)
- Productivity v.s stagnation (40-65)
- Ego integrity v.s despair (65-death)
Gender roles
Behavioral patterns considered appropriate for men and women
Freudian theory
Four stages of development
- Oral Stage
- Anal stage
- Phallic stage
- Genital stage
Piaget’s theory
Children construct schemas (mental patterns) that tell them how things relate to each other and what they should expect to experience in the world
Assimilation
Addition of new items to schemas
Accommodation
Changing of schemas in response to new information
Sensory-motor intelligence
(Birth-2) Creation of object permanence (The understanding that objects exist independent of our own senses or interactions)
Pre-operational period
(2-7) symbolic representation, use of language, learn conservation (value is constant even if the appearance or arrangement changes)
Concrete operations
(7-11) Logical thinking about Concrete objects, learn empathy, learn a new, complex set of schemas of ideas called operations
Formal operations
(11-adult) Abstract reasoning and hypothesis testing
Preconventional moral development
Avoiding punishment or desiring gain
Conventional moral development
Internalizing outside authority, loyalty to the social standards
Postconventional moral development
Waiting alternatives and making personal choices based on universal standards of justice and human rights, not only laws or customs
