Development

Question 1

bone gradually copies the configuration of the cartilage over the first _____ years of life

Answer 1

25

Question 2

forces parallel to epiphyseal plate. results in normal torsional changes in long bones

Answer 2

shear forces

Question 3

what causes the medial and lateral malleoli of a new born to become not aligned as an adult

Answer 3

lateral rotational forces on tib and fib occurs and this changes it

Question 4

force perpendicular to epiphyseal plate and is weight bearing

Answer 4

compression

Question 5

what happens when balanced force are applied across a malaligned jt

Answer 5

structural deformities from abnormal muscle pull

postnatal usage significatly influences characteristics of the mature skeleton!

Question 6

wolfs law

Answer 6

mechanical stresses can modulate bone shape and internal architecture

Question 7

muscle forces account of ____times the force of body weight

Answer 7

2-10

Question 8

infants experience ______ weight shifts and loading events per walking hour

Answer 8

1000

Question 9

skeletal development spans _____ to the end of skeletal ossification to the age of ____

Answer 9

5th week of gestation

25

Question 10

prevents binding down to uterine wall

Answer 10

stepping reflex inside the utero

Question 11

why is tummy time important

Answer 11

prone anti gravity extension against the rigid kyphotic spine

Question 12

hip flexion contracture

Answer 12

walk with anterior pelvic tilt

Question 13

why do babies walk with anterior pelvic tilt

Answer 13

iliofemoral and ischiofemoral lig are tight
hip flexors are tight
impedes the distal and anterior glide of femoral head

Question 14

babies have a _____ acetabulum and need to do what to fix it

Answer 14

shallow

will only develp appropriately if directional forces are applied and the proper magnitude through movement

Question 15

newborn angle of inclination

Answer 15

coxa valga
150 degrees
adult is 125

Question 16

laying down of bone tissue along the uppermost border of the femoral neck is a result of

Answer 16

compression -GOOD

Question 17

what is resolved by cantilever flexure drift

Answer 17

femoral varus bowing

compression forces cause resorption of bone on convex side and new bone growth on concave side

Question 18

medial twist of the femoral shaft, distal on proximal

Answer 18

femoral antetorsion

Question 19

newborn angle of declination

Answer 19

40 degrees

adult 10

Question 20

femoral antetorsion

Answer 20

increased angle between femoral transcondylar axis

Question 21

femoral retrotorsion

Answer 21

decreased angle between transcondylar axis and formal neck

Question 22

age appropriate femoral torsion

Answer 22

40 degrees at birth
35 at 1 yr
21 at 9 yrs
15-20 at adult

Question 23

the knee flexion contracture of ____ resolves in first few months of life

Answer 23

30 degrees

Question 24

medial genicular position in babies

Answer 24

looks like baby has tibial varum (bow leg)

resolves with activities such as belly crawling and walking that apply a lateral rotation force to proximal tib fib

Question 25

age appropriate genu varum

Answer 25

17* newborn
12* 3 yrs
5* 8 yrs

Question 26

how is genu varum resolved in youth

Answer 26

compression forces on condyles
decrease in coxa valga and femoral varus bowing
weight bearing in general is critrical

Question 27

transmalleolar axis in newborns vs adult

Answer 27

0 in newborn

20-30* posterior in adult

Question 28

foot progression angle

Answer 28

angle between longitudinal axis of foot and line of progression of gate

Question 29

foot progression angle of babies

Answer 29

out-toe is positive value
birth 10*
3 yrs 2-6*
adult 0-6*

Question 30

How is the newborn skeleton different from the adult skeleton

Answer 30

more cartilage – more compliant, weaker and capable of creep