Development Flashcards
Which of the following statements regarding learning and maturation is true?
a) maturation refers to the set of changes that occur in an individual between birth and death
b) learning refers to the acquisition of new information as a result of experiences
c) the interactionist perspective states that both learning and development contribute to the maturation of an individual
d) both A and C are correct
e) both B and C are correct`
b) learning refers to the acquisition of new information as a result of experiences
High-amplitude sucking
allows an infant to control the presentation of a stimulus to measure preference
event-related potentials
measures brain activity in repiner to a presented stimulus
preference method
observes the amount of time an infant chooses to attend to different stimuli
habituation procedure
tests ability to discriminate between two stimuli
The competence-performance distinction must be considered in developmental psychology, because:
a) researchers may incorrectly conclude that an infant does not possess an ability that they actually do
b) researchers may incorrectly conclude that an infant possess an ability that they actually do not
c) researcher may use a research technique that does not properly measure their variable of interest, given their subject pool
d) both A and C
e) both B and C
d) both A and C
Which of the following statements apply to the longitudinal research design?
a) the same subjects are studied repeatedly
b) results may be biased due to generational differences
c) results may be biased due to selective attrition
d) this design is inferior to a cross-sectional design in assessing development of individuals
A and C
Which of the following statements apply to the cross-sectional research design?
a) this design is less time consuming and expensive than a longitudinal design
b) results may be biased due to practice effect
c) results may be biased due to generational differences
d) different groups of participants are studied simultaneously
A, C & D
Which of the following statements regarding genetic are true?
a) children inherit DNA from their parents via chromosomes. An equal number of chromosomes are inherited from each parent
b) fraternal (dizygomatic) twins share more genes than non-twin siblings, but fewer than identical twins
c) an individual’s genotype is determined by their phenotype
d) both A and B
e) both A and C
A
Dominant-recessive inheritance
one pair of alleles (genes) determines trait expression
Sex-linked inheritance
results in traits more often expressed in males than in females
codominance
two alleles are both expressed, to produce an intermediate o combined phenotype
polygenetic inheritance
several genes contribute to the expression of a trait, often showing large variation
eye colour
polygenetic inheritance
colour blindness
sex-linked inheritance
blood type
codominance
hair type
dominant-recessive inheritance
Which of the following statements best describes the current status of the ‘nature vs. nurture’ debate?
a) psychologists generally agree that traits are driven by either nature or nurture, and we must analyze each trait individually to determine which is responsible for that trait
b) Psychologists do not agree about how nature and nurture drive development, with some claiming genetics are the most important factor, and others claiming environmental influences are most important
c) Psychologists generally agree that nature and nurture interact to produce the expression of individual traits, and are now interested in the extend which nature and nurture drive individual traits
c) the nature vs. nurture debate has been largely ‘resolved’ in that we know most traits are influenced by a combination of the two. Psychologists often dissect individual traits, such as mental disorders, to determine the extend to which genetics and environment affect phenotype
passive genotype/environment correlation
genotype of parents influences the environment of their children
active genotype/environment correlation
genotype influences the type of environments that one seeks out
evocative genotype/environment correlation
genotype influences the way that others treat an individual
What stage of life does evocative correlation most influence?
influential throughout the lifespan
What stage of life does active correlation most influence?
influential late in the lifespan
What stage of life does passive correlation most influence?
influential early in the lifespan
