Development

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding learning and maturation is true?

a) maturation refers to the set of changes that occur in an individual between birth and death
b) learning refers to the acquisition of new information as a result of experiences
c) the interactionist perspective states that both learning and development contribute to the maturation of an individual
d) both A and C are correct
e) both B and C are correct`

Answer 1

b) learning refers to the acquisition of new information as a result of experiences

Question 2

High-amplitude sucking

Answer 2

allows an infant to control the presentation of a stimulus to measure preference

Question 3

event-related potentials

Answer 3

measures brain activity in repiner to a presented stimulus

Question 4

preference method

Answer 4

observes the amount of time an infant chooses to attend to different stimuli

Question 5

habituation procedure

Answer 5

tests ability to discriminate between two stimuli

Question 6

The competence-performance distinction must be considered in developmental psychology, because:

a) researchers may incorrectly conclude that an infant does not possess an ability that they actually do
b) researchers may incorrectly conclude that an infant possess an ability that they actually do not
c) researcher may use a research technique that does not properly measure their variable of interest, given their subject pool
d) both A and C
e) both B and C

Answer 6

d) both A and C

Question 7

Which of the following statements apply to the longitudinal research design?

a) the same subjects are studied repeatedly
b) results may be biased due to generational differences
c) results may be biased due to selective attrition
d) this design is inferior to a cross-sectional design in assessing development of individuals

Answer 7

A and C

Question 8

Which of the following statements apply to the cross-sectional research design?

a) this design is less time consuming and expensive than a longitudinal design
b) results may be biased due to practice effect
c) results may be biased due to generational differences
d) different groups of participants are studied simultaneously

Answer 8

A, C & D

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding genetic are true?

a) children inherit DNA from their parents via chromosomes. An equal number of chromosomes are inherited from each parent
b) fraternal (dizygomatic) twins share more genes than non-twin siblings, but fewer than identical twins
c) an individual’s genotype is determined by their phenotype
d) both A and B
e) both A and C

Answer 9

A

Question 10

Dominant-recessive inheritance

Answer 10

one pair of alleles (genes) determines trait expression

Question 11

Sex-linked inheritance

Answer 11

results in traits more often expressed in males than in females

Question 12

codominance

Answer 12

two alleles are both expressed, to produce an intermediate o combined phenotype

Question 13

polygenetic inheritance

Answer 13

several genes contribute to the expression of a trait, often showing large variation

Question 14

eye colour

Answer 14

polygenetic inheritance

Question 15

colour blindness

Answer 15

sex-linked inheritance

Question 16

blood type

Answer 16

codominance

Question 17

hair type

Answer 17

dominant-recessive inheritance

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes the current status of the ‘nature vs. nurture’ debate?

a) psychologists generally agree that traits are driven by either nature or nurture, and we must analyze each trait individually to determine which is responsible for that trait
b) Psychologists do not agree about how nature and nurture drive development, with some claiming genetics are the most important factor, and others claiming environmental influences are most important
c) Psychologists generally agree that nature and nurture interact to produce the expression of individual traits, and are now interested in the extend which nature and nurture drive individual traits

Answer 18

c) the nature vs. nurture debate has been largely ‘resolved’ in that we know most traits are influenced by a combination of the two. Psychologists often dissect individual traits, such as mental disorders, to determine the extend to which genetics and environment affect phenotype

Question 19

passive genotype/environment correlation

Answer 19

genotype of parents influences the environment of their children

Question 20

active genotype/environment correlation

Answer 20

genotype influences the type of environments that one seeks out

Question 21

evocative genotype/environment correlation

Answer 21

genotype influences the way that others treat an individual

Question 22

What stage of life does evocative correlation most influence?

Answer 22

influential throughout the lifespan

Question 23

What stage of life does active correlation most influence?

Answer 23

influential late in the lifespan

Question 24

What stage of life does passive correlation most influence?

Answer 24

influential early in the lifespan