Development Flashcards
rooting reflex
necessary for feeding - touch a baby on the cheek and the baby turns his or her head in that direction
critical period
a time period where certain developmental procedures have to take place in order for development to continue positively
zygote period
occurs in the first two weeks of parental development
imprinting
newborn follows whatever is seen first after birth
habituation
a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
Freud’s Stage Theory
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development is completed in a predetermined sequence and can result in either successful completion or a healthy personality or can result in failure
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
• oral stage (birth to 18 months): child focuses on oral pleasures (sucking)
• anal stage (18 months to 3 years): this stage develops toilet training. Child’s focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating and retaining feces (peepeepoopoo)
• phallic stage (ages 3 to 6): babies realize their gender and this causes conflict in the family. Pleasure zone => genitals
• genital stage: after the phallic stage, Freud thought children go through a short latency stage, or period or calm, between ages 6 and puberty
Piaget’s Stage Theory
Jean Piaget believed that children developed cognitively in a series of stages:
Sensorimotor (0 to 2 years)
children are learning through their senses and motor skills
• object permanence, the belief that an object exists despite it being out of sight
Pre-operational (3 to 7 years)
children begin to use symbols to represent things not there - still no logical thought
• egocentrism, understanding the world through the child’s one perspective; the inability to see the world through another’s perspective
(note: this is not synonymous with the term selfishness)
• conservation, understanding that despite an apparent change in size/ shaped length, the substance remains constant
• animism, the belief that inanimate objects share human characteristics such as feelings
• artificialism, the belief that events of nature are man-made
Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years)
children think logically only about concrete things - things that they can see in front of them
• seriation, the process of putting objects into a series (smallest to largest) or putting objects that share similar characteristics (such as color or size) into the same category
• reversibility, understanding that concepts can be reversed and remain the same
Formal Operational (12 and up)
abstract reasoning - is able to form hypothetical thoughts through weighing pros and cons of a choice
• personal fable, an individual’s belief that they are invincible and will not be harmed in any instance
• imaginary audience, the belief that everybody is looking at one, who is on stage for others to watch
Erikson’s Stage Theory
Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops on a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development
Stage 1 (0 to 12 months)
crisis: trust vs mistrust
ex: infant trusts that their needs (food, shelter, etc) will be met. If they are not, the infant learns to mistrust the world
Stage 2 (1 to 2 years)
crisis: autonomy vs shame and doubt
ex: child learns to control their environment as well as their biological functioning (going to bathroom). If the child is made to feel too much shame, they may lack confidence