Development

Question 1

Development

what theories are associated with it

Answer 1

age related changes that occur as individual progress form conception to death

• predictable sequence theory and life-history thoery

Question 2

what can be stated in parental and childhood development

Answer 2

• brain development
• cagnitive development
• moral development
• attachment

Question 3

explain life-history theory

Answer 3

lifehistory - somatic effort,reproductive effprt

reproductive effort - mating effort (men invest more), parenting effort (women invest more)

Question 4

what is pllasticity:

Answer 4

brain’s ability to hchange structure and function

Question 5

changes in structure for infant brain development

Answer 5

number of dendrites and connections increases dramatically following birth, 2 years: 1500 synapses/nuerone; twice as many as adults

Question 6

changes inn function in infant brain development

Answer 6

newborns: high activity in thalamus

highly dependent on reflex

2-3 months: increased acivity in cortex
8-9 months: increased activity in frontal cortex

Question 7

what is synaptic pruning, when peaked

Answer 7

unused synapses are eliminated:
- conections peak between 6-7 years

Question 8

what is nuerogenesis

where humans produce new cells

where new cells migrate and what they form

Answer 8

creations of new nuerons
- humans produce new cells in olfactory bulb and hippocampus
- newcells migrate to other regions of the brain and form connections with existing cells
- associated with learning?

Question 9

white mater:

and growth

Answer 9

myelinated nuerons facilittate communication between regions

growth increases between childood and puberty, then slows:

Question 10

grey matter

synaptic overproduction

Answer 10

• information processisng
• second round of synaptic overproduction and pruning decreases volume

Question 11

prefrontal cortex:

Answer 11

chnages most pronounced and continue until mid-20s

high level cognitive functioning (planning, organization).

strenghten connection to limbic system: impulsive and subject to peer pressure. emotional decision

Question 12

what was jean paiget (1896-1980): what they do

Answer 12

I.Q.Test, childhood thought processes leading to incorect awnsers on I.Q test

four stage model of cognitive development

Assimilation: interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures

accommodation: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

Question 13

innate reflexes dominated at what age

Answer 13

birth tp age 2

• coordination between sensory input and otor actions
• symbolic thought begins to develop

Question 14

what is object performance

talk age for permanence

Answer 14

recognition that objects continue to exist in the absence of sensory stimulation (pikaboo)

-4 months: no performanence
-4-8 months: partial permanence
-18 months: permanence mastered

Question 15

what age for development of symbolic thought continues

Answer 15

2-7

Question 16

connservation/

Answer 16

awareness tha physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in shape or appearance

Question 17

chareccteristics of preoperatational thought

Answer 17

centration: focus on one feature of a problem
irreversibility: inabiility to envision reversing an action
egocentrism: inability o share another’s veiwpoint
animism: belief that all things are living

Question 18

what age and things performed on tangible objects

Answer 18

7-11

reversibility
decentration
decline in egocentrism
conservation of liquid, mass, number, area, and lenghth
hierarchical classification: problems that require two levels of classification
can’t think abstractly

Question 19

when does formal operational period and what it mean

evaluating paiget’s thoery

Answer 19

begeining at 11 years; applies operation to abstract concepts (justice, love, frww-will).

Further development reflect change in degree.
- More systematic in problem-solving, kless trial and errorr

evaluating paiget’s thoery:
- sequence of stages is constant, timetable variable
- doesn’t account for individual differences
- evidence of mixing elements of different stages

Question 20

what is habituation-dishabituation paradigmL and what it under

Answer 20

under cognitive developement

habituation-dishabituation paradigm:

• Habituation: infant looses intrest in stimulus presented repeatedly (heart-rate; respiration; looking time).
• ## dishabituation: new stimulus elicts interest from infant

Question 21

what are some typical things that 4 month olds understand

Answer 21

• add and subtract small numbers
• objects are distinct entities
• objects move in continous paths
• solid objects cannot pass through each other
  objects cannot pass through openings smaller in size
• objects on slopes roll down

Question 22

when does the theory of mind develop `

Answer 22

4 years

Question 23

morality

Answer 23

under moral reasoning

morality: ability to discern right from wronf and to behave accordingly

Question 24

Moral judgement,

Answer 24

under moral reasononing

Moral judgements: how good or bad is an action?

Question 25

what is motor development

Answer 25

muscular coordination for physical activity

Question 26

what is maturation and what it under

Answer 26

motor development

gradual unfolding of genetic bleuprint:
- early development
- requires envirmonmental input (exxploration).

Question 27

whan and what is required to develop specialized skills

Answer 27

later and require training

Question 28

cephalocondal trend

Answer 28

developmental benchmarks that progress from head to foot

Question 29

proximodistal trendL

Answer 29

progress from torso to limbs

Question 30

what does james marcia (SFU):

Answer 30

identity status determined by 2 dimensions

look at 19