Development Flashcards
Development
what theories are associated with it
age related changes that occur as individual progress form conception to death
- predictable sequence theory and life-history thoery
what can be stated in parental and childhood development
- brain development
- cagnitive development
- moral development
- attachment
explain life-history theory
lifehistory - somatic effort,reproductive effprt
reproductive effort - mating effort (men invest more), parenting effort (women invest more)
what is pllasticity:
brain’s ability to hchange structure and function
changes in structure for infant brain development
number of dendrites and connections increases dramatically following birth, 2 years: 1500 synapses/nuerone; twice as many as adults
changes inn function in infant brain development
newborns: high activity in thalamus
highly dependent on reflex
2-3 months: increased acivity in cortex
8-9 months: increased activity in frontal cortex
what is synaptic pruning, when peaked
unused synapses are eliminated:
- conections peak between 6-7 years
what is nuerogenesis
where humans produce new cells
where new cells migrate and what they form
creations of new nuerons
- humans produce new cells in olfactory bulb and hippocampus
- newcells migrate to other regions of the brain and form connections with existing cells
- associated with learning?
white mater:
and growth
myelinated nuerons facilittate communication between regions
growth increases between childood and puberty, then slows:
grey matter
synaptic overproduction
- information processisng
- second round of synaptic overproduction and pruning decreases volume
prefrontal cortex:
chnages most pronounced and continue until mid-20s
high level cognitive functioning (planning, organization).
strenghten connection to limbic system: impulsive and subject to peer pressure. emotional decision
what was jean paiget (1896-1980): what they do
I.Q.Test, childhood thought processes leading to incorect awnsers on I.Q test
four stage model of cognitive development
Assimilation: interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures
accommodation: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences
innate reflexes dominated at what age
birth tp age 2
- coordination between sensory input and otor actions
- symbolic thought begins to develop
what is object performance
talk age for permanence
recognition that objects continue to exist in the absence of sensory stimulation (pikaboo)
-4 months: no performanence
-4-8 months: partial permanence
-18 months: permanence mastered
what age for development of symbolic thought continues
2-7
connservation/
awareness tha physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in shape or appearance
chareccteristics of preoperatational thought
centration: focus on one feature of a problem
irreversibility: inabiility to envision reversing an action
egocentrism: inability o share another’s veiwpoint
animism: belief that all things are living
what age and things performed on tangible objects
7-11
reversibility
decentration
decline in egocentrism
conservation of liquid, mass, number, area, and lenghth
hierarchical classification: problems that require two levels of classification
can’t think abstractly
when does formal operational period and what it mean
evaluating paiget’s thoery
begeining at 11 years; applies operation to abstract concepts (justice, love, frww-will).
Further development reflect change in degree.
- More systematic in problem-solving, kless trial and errorr
evaluating paiget’s thoery:
- sequence of stages is constant, timetable variable
- doesn’t account for individual differences
- evidence of mixing elements of different stages
what is habituation-dishabituation paradigmL and what it under
under cognitive developement
habituation-dishabituation paradigm:
- Habituation: infant looses intrest in stimulus presented repeatedly (heart-rate; respiration; looking time).
- ## dishabituation: new stimulus elicts interest from infant
what are some typical things that 4 month olds understand
- add and subtract small numbers
- objects are distinct entities
- objects move in continous paths
- solid objects cannot pass through each other
objects cannot pass through openings smaller in size - objects on slopes roll down
when does the theory of mind develop `
4 years
morality
under moral reasoning
morality: ability to discern right from wronf and to behave accordingly
Moral judgement,
under moral reasononing
Moral judgements: how good or bad is an action?
what is motor development
muscular coordination for physical activity
what is maturation and what it under
motor development
gradual unfolding of genetic bleuprint:
- early development
- requires envirmonmental input (exxploration).
whan and what is required to develop specialized skills
later and require training
cephalocondal trend
developmental benchmarks that progress from head to foot
proximodistal trendL
progress from torso to limbs
what does james marcia (SFU):
identity status determined by 2 dimensions
look at 19
