behaviour in groups

Question 1

what does the bystander effect say

Answer 1

as teh number f bystanders increaases, the likelihood that anybody will help decreases

Question 2

upon returning the confederate, what does Darley and Latane measered help in two ways

Answer 2

1. the participant was deermined to have helped if he or she left thier booth, either to assist directly or to look for help
2. The length of time it took the participant to exit the booth; participants who left sooner were considered to have helped more than those who left the booth later

Question 3

as the number of bystanders increases

Answer 3

responsibility to act becomes increasnigly diluted; they share teh responsibility amungst themeselves more, but not evenly

Question 4

social loafing

Answer 4

the reduction of effort invested when performing a task within a group

Question 5

the larger the group the greater

Answer 5

the social loafing and lower the effort invested by individual members

Question 6

what are the strategies that can be implemented to reduce sociial loafing

Answer 6

Task Importance, Group Cohesion, Collectivistic Orientation, Specialization

Question 7

Task Importance

Answer 7

Leaders should try to emphasize task importance since group members are less likely to social loaf when they perceive the task as essential, or that failure could result in undesirable consequences.

Question 8

Group Cohesion

Answer 8

Leaders should cultivate positive interpersonal relationships between the group members since members who like and respect each other are less likely to social loaf than members who simply tolerate or even dislike each other.

Question 9

Collectivistic Orientation

Answer 9

Leaders should encourage collectivistic orientations towards the group rather than individualism since members who prioritize the group over individual interests tend to engage in less social loafing.

Question 10

Specialization

Answer 10

By segmenting a large task into smaller components and assigning different workers to each subtask, not only do individual contributions become observable, but also workers completing later subtasks become dependent on the efforts of workers completing earlier subtasks.

Question 11

Social Facilitation

Answer 11

the presence of others can also affect one’s performance level on a task, sometimes improving it, but sometimes hindering it.

Question 12

compare contrast social loafing and social faciliation

Answer 12

occurs when performing a task with other co-actors (others performing the same task), but unlike social loafing, facilitation can also occur in the presence of observers who are not otherwise involved in the activity.

Question 13

when does social facilitation typically hinders performance.

Answer 13

In cases where the task is difficult or complex, and it is unfamiliar

Question 14

When the desired response in a social context calls for a dominant response

Answer 14

then performance is facilitated because the desired response is already primed

Question 15

what does presence of an audience give

Answer 15

arousal - dominant response is primed

1. desired response is dominant response - social faciliation
2. desired response is not dominant - social inhibition

Question 16

social loafing vs social ficilation

task, contributions, people involved, effort/performance

Answer 16

social loafing - Task is cooperative, Individual contributions are unknowable, Co-actors only, Reduces effort

Social Facilitation- Task is competitive, Individual contributions are identifiable, Co-actors or audience, Increases or decreases performance

Question 17

Minimal Group Paradigm

Answer 17

people sort themselves into groups based on some arbitrary criterion

Question 18

how are we likely to treat others depends in part

Answer 18

on their group membership. If we perceive them as belonging to the same group as us (an ingroup member), then we tend to show them favourable treatment. Conversely, if we perceive them as belonging to a different group (outgroup member) than we tend to discriminate against them.

Question 19

Reciprocal Altruism or Direct Social Exchange.

Answer 19

taking turns doing good for each other expecting the other to do the same

Question 20

cheating

Answer 20

when the other person is expoilting us

Question 21

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Answer 21

used to investigate cooperation between ingroup and outgroup members. example of game theory

Question 22

Realistic Conflict Theory

Answer 22

This was name Sherif gave to his theory of intergroup conflict. He is simply describing the fact that friction between groups in the real world can result from competition for resources.

Question 23

what is one reason to conform (follow others)

Answer 23

social acceptance