attachment Flashcards
perantal development
Development that occurs during the first two weeks following conception. Begins with the fertilization of the egg with sperm and ends when the placenta begins to function. ends with the birthing of a brand new individual
Embryonic Stage of
Prenatal Development
Development that occurs between two weeks and approximately two months following conception. Stem cells begin to differentiate and organs begin to form.
Fetal Stage of
Prenatal Development:
Development that occurs between two months following conception and ends at birth. Fetus is capable of movement and organs begin to function.
Attachment:
The emotional bond an infant has with their primary caretaker.
Stranger Anxiety:
The tendency for infants to express anxiety when confronted with novel people, especially if they are male adults.
3 stages of parental development
Germinal Stage (conception – 2 weeks):
Embryonic Stage (4 weeks – 8 weeks):
Fetal Stage (8 weeks – birth):
Germinal Stage
the single celled zygote migrates along the fallopian tube on its way to implanting in the uterine wall.
how long does the migration take in Germinal stage
Migration takes about 7 days, during which time the cell begins to multiply by way of mitosis
what are all the cells at the germinal stage
Undifferentiated, that is they have yet to specialize into their eventual cell types
what happens by day 5 or 6 in germinal stage
. By day five or six, these undifferentiated stem cells begin to form two masses. The inner cell mass is called the embryoblast because it will eventually develop into the embryo. The outer mass is called the trophoblast and together the embryoblast and the trophoblast are called the Blastocyst.
what happens in day 7 of germinal stage, and how long does this proccess take
By day seven, the Blastocyst has arrived at the uterus and begins to implant in the uterine wall. This process takes about another 7 days to complete. After a total of approximately 2 weeks, the Germinal Stage concludes when the placenta becomes functional.
when does the germinal stage conclude
when the placenta becomes functional.
what happens when the developing cells fail to migrate to the uterus
implant instead inside the fallopian tube. This is an incredibly dangerous event for the mother and if allowed to progress, the mother (along with the developing offspring) will most certainly perish.
what happens if there are symptoms for failed migration
If there are symptoms, an Obstetrics and Gynecology doctor (OBGYN) will order an ultrasound to detect the location of the developing organism. If the ultrasound locates the organism inside the fallopian tube, it is essential that the pregnancy be terminated.
what happens if the developing cells migrate into the uterus but fail to achieve implantation
In these cases, the pregnancy fails and the developing cells are purged with the next menstruation. This occurs about 20% of the time, often without the prospective mother ever realizing she was pregnant.
when does the Embryonic Stage commences
once the Placenta begins to function
Why is the placenta important?
Because fertilization occurs internally in humans and other mammals, the embryo faces a unique set of problems. First, how does the mother deliver essential nutrients to the embryo so that it can grow (continued cell division); and second, how are waste byproducts produced during growth removed from the embryo before they reach toxic levels?
The placenta solves both of these problems, as it acts as a conduit between mother and embryo for transferring materials through the blood supply. Note that a membrane separates the independent blood supplies of the mother and the embryo, but allows nutrients and harmful waste products to pass back and forth between the mother’s blood and the embryo’s blood in the placenta.
where does cell differentiation also begins to occur, and talk what happens
during the Embryonic Stage.Stem cells change into all the different types of cells in your body including neurons, muscle cells, heart cells, gland cells, skin cells, etc.
organs in embryoinc stage
Although organs are being developed during this stage, they do not yet begin to function
mistakes in mitosis during embryonic stage
, the result can be a birth defect in the developing organism. The reason this is more problematic during the Embryonic Stage is because the error occurs closer to the beginning of development and will then subsequently be passed on to every daughter cell. if affected the wrong type of cells can affect survivabilty
1st part cell differentioation in fetal stage, what results from it
Cell division and differentiation continue through the Fetal Stage as they did in the Embryonic Stage, but new things are happening as well. First, bones and muscles have formed and been connected which makes motor activity possible, so mothers will begin to feel the fetus kicking and moving around.
2nd part of detal stage
Second, organs like the heart begin to function.
time that sex cells begin to differentiate into a clitoris or penis, the latter of which can also sometimes be detected during the second ultrasound depending on the positioning of the fetus.
last stage of fetal stage
Finally, it’s during the Fetal Stage that we first observe rapid expansion of brain tissue. Neurons have been differentiating prior to this point, of course, but it’s not until this stage that we see development of the brain accelerate.
full term and age of viability
39 or 40 weeks full term
22 to 26 weeks. age of viabilty
Prenatal Environment
consists of conditions present within the uterus where the embryo/fetus is developing. What factors associated with the prenatal environment could potentially perturb normal development and pose a threat to the offspring?
what is important factor to parental environmnet
One important factor is Maternal Nutrition, Maternal Drug Use, Maternal Illness, Teratogens (Vegetables (low) and other food sources contain Teratogens, a class of chemical agents that are carcinogenic (cancer causing) and mutagenic (mutation causing).) only impact rapid cell division like an embryo)
why does human nervous system development takes much longer than other features
because of of encephalization (our species have unusually large brains compared to other mammals). Its critical period begins immediately following the Germinal Stage and concludes by approximately 16 weeks.
Pregnancy Sickness
nvolves food aversions that can induce nausea, and vomiting. Interestingly, the food aversions are most intense to foods high in teratogens.
3 reasons hat Pregnancy sickness is an evolved defense against the mutagenic effects of teratogens during prenatal development.
First, pregnancy sickness tends to be more severe in cultures with high meat consumption. In other words, women with diets containing more teratogens experience more pregnancy sickness.
Second, women who experience little or no pregnancy sickness are more likely to miscarriage and are more likely to deliver children with significant birth defects than women who experience pregnancy sickness. Although this might seem contradictory, what this finding suggests is that women who lack food aversions end up consuming more foods with harmful teratogens.
Finally, in many cultures, women who want to induce a miscarriage and end a pregnancy purposely consume foods with high teratogen levels, despite the strong nausea and vomiting that they induce. Taken together, these facts provide compelling evidence that pregnancy sickness is an effective adaptation that protects the embryo from toxic compounds found in food.
he concept of attachment was introduced to psychology by
John Bowlby
The fact that goslings cannot distinguish between an adult goose and humans illustrates another important characteristic of imprinting: it is
stimulus independent. The organism is biologically prepared to detect and respond to a particular class of stimuli (large and in motion), not one specific stimulus (mother).
Imprinting
an evolved adaptation in birds like geese because mother goose is almost always the first large moving object that a newly hatched gosling encounters. But sometimes, the first large moving object is an ethologist as famously illustrated in the following photo.
Crying is an incredibly effective signal because
its averseness motivates the caretaker to return. Once reunited with her caretaker, the infant should no longer feel threatened and should cease crying (end its protest). This is the function of Attachment according to Bowlby — to maintain close proximity of the caretaker with her infant.
One important difference between Attachment and Imprinting
that Attachment occurs gradually over time. When infants come into this world, they do not have the physical or mental capacity to recognize their mother. They come to know mother and other caretakers (or another caretaker) by way of experience.
new borns and stranger anxiety
they fail to demonstrate it
how many months infants begin to develop an attachment with their Primary Caretaker (usually Mom), who they now largely prefer over other caretakers, and to express anxiety when they encounter new or unfamiliar people, even if these strangers act benevolently towards the infant.
At approximately 6 to 8 months of age
like imprinting attachment is
stimulus independent. Infants can bond with any adult primary caretaker who protects and provides for them, it need not be their mother. It can be father, or a grandparent, or an adopted parent, an older sibling, or even a nanny.
During the course of the experiment, the infant is exposed to a series of conditions: mary aisworth
Mother and infant together in a novel room.
Infant left alone in a novel room.
Mother and infant together with a stranger.
Infant left alone with a stranger.
What are researchers looking for when exposing the infant to The Strange Situation?
First, how does the child explore when mother is present? Is she confident and curious about the toys in the room? Or does she maintain close proximity to mom and appear anxious?
Second, how does the infant respond when mom leaves the room and how does she respond when mom returns? Recall that Attachment is hypothesized to be a mechanism that preserves mom’s continued presence and attention. Thus, when mom leaves, the infant SHOULD protest by crying and they should be inconsolable by the stranger. When mom returns, however, the infant SHOULD calm quickly since reunion with mom has been successful.
Mary Ainsworth called Secure Attachment,
This pattern of behaviour — protest when mom leaves, calm quickly when mom returns, and explore confidently when mom is present. suggests that a healthy and stable emotional bond has been formed within the infant to his or her caretaker.
If the infant appears unconcerned with the presence or absence of mother, this is called an
Avoidant Attachment style. In this case the infant explores comfortably, just like a securely attached infant, but fails to protest when mom leaves and is reluctant to greet her when she returns.
When the presence of anxiety characterizes the emotional bond the infant has with her caretaker, it is an
Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment. In this case the infant explores anxiously when mom is present, protests when mom leaves, but is then difficult to console after she returns.
Disorganized Attachment
occurs when the infant expresses a fear response to the caretaker herself. Because the infant perceives the caretaker as a threat, they often oscillate towards and away from their caretaker when feeling vulnerable, wanting to both seek comfort from and avoid danger posed by the caretaker. abusive care tacker
3 classes of interacting factors
those associated with the caretaker, those associated with the infant, and influences originating outside the parent-child dyad.
A secure form of attachment is more likely to occur when
mom is sensitive and attentive to her infant, presumably because it reassures her that mom will notice and be in a position to act when the infant is in danger.
Factors that negatively impact sensitivity, therefore
tend to reduce the likelihood of secure attachment.
Factors Associated with Infant:
Another factor that can affect mother sensitivity is the infant’s temperament.
Socio-cultural Factors:
Different child-rearing practices can also contribute to different attachment styles.
