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Nutrition: Studies and Applications > Detox and Biotransformation > Flashcards

Detox and Biotransformation Flashcards

1
Q

List five ways toxins cause damage.

A
  1. Oxidative Damage
  2. Enzyme Inhibition
  3. Damage to DNA
  4. Damage to cell membranes
  5. Endocrine disruption
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2
Q

What is the scientific name for PFOA and what is it used in?

A

Perfluorooctanoic Acid.

It is a man-made toxin used in non-stick cookware (teflon), water resistant clothing, carpet, etc.

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3
Q

What % of PFOA is found in Americans?

A

96%

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4
Q

How many years does it take your body to rid itself of PFOA?

A

4.5 years

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5
Q

Is there a safe level of PFOA for humans to consume/absorb?

A

No. There is no safe level.

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6
Q

What is the scientific name for PBDE and what is it used in?

A

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether.

It is a man-made compound from the chemical Bromine. It is a toxin that is used as a flame retardant.

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7
Q

What is the blood’s normal PH range?

A

7.35-7.45 PH

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8
Q

List five naturally occurring exogenous toxins.

A
  1. Ionizing radiation (i.e. UV light and radioactive elements like radon and uranium)
  2. Oxidation (free radicals)
  3. Animal and plant mycotoxins (i.e. moulds/fungi)
  4. Products of combustion (i.e. carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide)
  5. Heavy metals (i.e. arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead)
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9
Q

List six Endogenous Toxins.

A
  1. Byproducts of intestinal microorganisms
  2. Intermediary Metabolites (chemicals created through Phase 1 and Phase 2 of liver detoxification)
  3. Non-end product metabolites (chemicals from metabolism that may not be an end product)
  4. Hormone Overload (If hormones aren’t processed properly they can accumulate and create an imbalance)
  5. Free Radicals (i.e. oxygen containing molecules made from white blood cells)
  6. Toxic emotions/memories
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10
Q

Definition of Exogenous Toxins

A

Exogenous toxins are naturally occurring and synthetic that comes from outside the body.

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11
Q

Definition of Endogenous Toxins

A

Endogenous toxins are made inside the body from normal metabolism and various biochemical reations.

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12
Q

List two sources of toxins.

A

Endogenous (inside) and Exogenous (outside)

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13
Q

Definition of Metabolomics

A

Metabolomics is the study of the chemical process involving metabolites (the by-products of regular metabolism)

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14
Q

List nine synthetic Exogenous toxins

A
  1. Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, larvicide
  2. Industrial chemicals
  3. Food toxins (i.e. preservatives & additives)
  4. Drugs
  5. Inhalants
  6. EMFs
  7. Skin Products
  8. Cleaning Products
  9. Plastics
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15
Q

Definition of Exposome

A

Exposome is the combined exposures from all sources that reach the internal environment.

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16
Q

Definition of Total Toxic Load

A

Total Toxic Load is the total body burden of exogenous chemicals, heavy metals and toxic exogenous compounds.

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17
Q

Definition of Chemical Body Burden

A

Chemical Body Burden is the quantity of an exogenous substance or its metabolites that has accumulated in an individual or population.

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18
Q

What is the formula to calculate disease risk?

A

Toxic Potency X Cumulative Exposure X Susceptibility

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19
Q

List four things that chemical sensitivity depends on.

A
  1. Species
  2. Life stage
  3. Biochemical Individuality
  4. Toxin Synergy
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20
Q

Definition of Toxin Synergy

A

Toxin Synergy is the effect caused when exposure to two or more chemicals at one time results in health effects that are greater than the sum of the individual chemicals.

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21
Q

Definition of Endocrine Disruptor

A

Endocrine Disruptor are natural or man-made chemicals that mimic or interfere with the body’s hormones. These disruptions can cause tumors, birth defects and other developments disorders.

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22
Q

List nine glands that make up the endocrine system.

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Thyroid
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Adrenal
  6. Pineal Body
  7. The Ovaries
  8. The Testes
  9. Pancreas
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23
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

The Endocrine System is made up of all the glands in the body that make hormones.

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24
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are the body’s messengers. They control mood, growth and development.

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25
Q

What is the ideal transit time for your bowels?

A

18-24 hours

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26
Q

What is the average North American transit time for bowel movements?

A

72 hours

27
Q

List the four things that are eliminated by the bowel.

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Undigested food (insoluble fiber)
  3. Dead Cells
  4. Toxins
28
Q

Fecal matter is composed mainly of what substance?

a) Dead cells
b) Toxins
c) Bacteria
d) undigested food

A

c) bacteria

29
Q

List the three internal cleansing systems.

A
  1. Small Intestines
  2. Lymphatic System
  3. Liver
30
Q

List seven things the kidneys will eliminate.

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Neurotransmitters
  3. Eicosanoids
  4. Vitamins
  5. Phytochemicals
  6. Xenobiotics
  7. Drugs
31
Q

Definition of Xenobiotic

A

Xenobiotic is a chemical compound that is foreign to or not normally produced by the body.

32
Q

Definition of Toxicant

A

Toxicant is a type of poison that is made by humans or introduced into the environment by human activity.

33
Q

What is the scientific name for PCB and where can it be found?

A

Polychlorinated Biphenyls.

Can be found in fish, meat and dairy and are highly toxic, linked to multiple types of cancers.

34
Q

Definition of Toxin

A

Toxin is a toxic substance that is produced by living organisms i.e. plants, animals, bacteria, etc.

35
Q

Definition of Toxic

A

Toxic is capable of causing injury or death; it’s poisonous.

36
Q

Scientific name for BPA and where is it found?

A

Bisphenol A.

It is an industrial chemical used to make certain plastics and resins.

37
Q

Is BPA a known Endocrine Disruptor? True or False

A

True

38
Q

Definition of Biotransformation

A

Biotransformation is when you take one substance and convert it into another substance or take a harmful substance and make it a less harmful substance so your body can get rid of it.

39
Q

Definition of Detoxification

A

Detoxification is the process in which we remove the toxins from our body.

40
Q

Definition of Hepatic

A

Hepatic means relating to the liver.

41
Q

Is BPA a known Endocrine Disruptor? True or False

A

True

42
Q

Definition of Biotransformation

A

Biotransformation is when you take one substance and convert it into another substance or take a harmful substance and make it a less harmful substance so your body can get rid of it.

43
Q

Definition of Detoxification

A

Detoxification is the process in which we remove the toxins from our body.

44
Q

Scientific name for POP and where is it found?

A

Persistent Organic Pollutant
It is a substance that persist in the environment that bioaccumulates through the food chain and pose a risk of adverse effects to human and environmental health.
DDT or Round Up (pesticide) is an example of POP

45
Q

Definition of Parabens

A

Parabens are a group of compounds used as preservatives in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry.

46
Q

Are Parabens Endocrine Disruptors? True or False

A

True

47
Q

Scientific name of PERC and where is it found?

A

Perchloroethylene.

It is the primary dry cleaning solvent in dry cleaning.

48
Q

Definition of Phthalate and what is it’s uses?

A

Phthalate is the salt of phthalic acid. It is added to plastic to increase flexibility, transparency, durability and longevity.

49
Q

Where can Phthalate be found?

A

Found in toys, detergents, food packaging, nail polish, shampoos, etc.

50
Q

Definition of a neurotoxin.

A

A neurotoxin is a poison which acts on the nervous system.

51
Q

What are some examples of neurotoxins (5).

A

Lead, ethanol (drinking alcohol), nitric oxide, glutamate and botulinum toxin (botox)

52
Q

What is Pesticide Endosulfan?

A

Pesticides found on fruits and vegetables.

53
Q

Is Pesticide Endosulfan a neurotoxin? T or F.

A

True

54
Q

What are the five channels of elimination?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Skin
  3. Lungs
  4. Bowels (colon and large intestines)
  5. Mind
55
Q

What is oxidative damage?

A

Oxidative Damage is a disturbance in the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and antioxidant defences.

56
Q

What is enzyme Inhibition?

A

Enzyme Inhibition is when a molecule binds to an enzyme and decreases it’s activity. The molecule prevents the enzyme from working in the normal manner.

57
Q

What are two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors?

A

Poisons and Drugs.

58
Q

What does an enzyme inhibitor do to essential nutrients?

A

It displaces them.

59
Q

What is an Endocrine Disruptor?

A

Endocrine Disruptors are natural or man-made chemicals that mimic or interfere with the body’s hormones.

60
Q

What can the Endocrine Disruptors cause?

A

Endocrine Disruptors can cause tumors, birth defects and other developmental disorders.

61
Q

True or False. Endoestrogen are 1000 more times more reactive than Xenoestrogens?

A

False. Xenoestrogens are more reactive than Endoestrogen.

62
Q

Explain LD50.

A

LD50 means Lethal Dose - 50% of the population gets lethal level.

63
Q

Explain ED50

A

ED50 means Effective (Median) Dose - 50% of the population gets the desired/therapeutic effect/dose.

64
Q

Explain TD50

A

TD50 means Toxic Dose - 50% of the population gets a toxic level.

Nutrition: Studies and Applications (11 decks)

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