Detnte fails

Question 1

Salt talks

Answer 1

• Partial test ban treaty – limits to underwater testing, August 5th 1963
• Fails as testing still increases USA: 1953-1962 – 268 tests, up to 385 in following 9 years, Ussr 218-157 so only partially successful
• Salt 1- 5 year freeze on missile construction – May 23rd 1972
• Fails as both continue construction – usa 76000-10600. USSR – 2400-7500
• SALT2 – discussed June 18th 1974, signed by carter and Brezhnev on July 1979 – fails as us congress block bill due to soviet invasion of Afghanistan December 0f 1979

Question 2

Iranian revolution

Answer 2

• Iran had a monarchy – Mohamed Riza Pahlavi was last Shah
• 1979 otherthrown due to westernism and close us ties, Islam opposes secularization
• November 4, 52 American diplomats taken hostage when united states embassy attacked
• Held for 444 days
• OPERATION EAGLE CLAW – April 24th 1980, 6helicopters, 1 plane of special delta forces
• Emergency landing because of sand storm
• 2helcipters breakdown, one crashes taking off. 8 solders die
  Significant as acts as propaganda disaster for the usa, damages reputation globally
• nov 1979 us freezes American assets in Iran
• carter left on world stage
• 20 Jan 1981 – hostages freed after ragan is elects. People want hard-line anti-communist approach, not afraid to be aggressive in foreign policy. Wins in all but one state

Question 3

Proxy wars

Answer 3

• 1970s bush wars
• Rhodesian bush war 1964-1979
-covert assistance to rodesian army

• The anglan war of independence 1975-2002
• The mozambeen war of independence 1964-75
-ussr sent ak-47 rifles and up to 10 million in aid
-china aided 30 to 50 million in weapons

• Series of proxy wars cause tension

Question 4

Soviet Afghan

Answer 4

• end détente [salt 11] 2- puts pressure on soviet economy so it eventually collapses 3- causes birth of Islamic extremism and Taliban
  • 1842 – British lost 16000 trying to colonise, is mountainous and poor and harsh terrain
  • April 1978 – dictator other thrown in military coup, replaces by TARAKI
  • Cancelled debts, decreased powers of landowners, led to secularisation with women going to school, wearing what they want
  • Conservatives and isamics oppose – September 1979 another coup and AMIN is leader
  • Ussr fear he will ally with Pakistan and end the civil war
  • Soviets invade 24th-27th December 1979 – 50000 soldiers
  • 27th December presidential palace raided AMIN killed
  • Pro soviet Kamal leader

Question 5

Afghan proxy war

Answer 5

• Costs estimated 50 billion - $8 billion a year
• Over 2000 killed a year in guerrilla warfare by 1982
• 8000 killed by 2985, Over 1400 killed in total

• Islamic hate godless leader – holy war declared to fight soviets, are mujahedeen [soldiers of god]
• Taliban eventually other throw mujahedeen, gaining capital kandarahr
• Withdraw by 15th February 1989
Proxy war – us involvement – Operation cyclone
• Regan doctrine – stops communism regardless of cost, even fund Iran
• Us spend 20billion to fund mujahedeen
3.2 billion military aid – 650 million in 1987, 200 million in 1991
• Fund 30000 middle eastern freedom fighters, including Osama bin laden
• 1986 – 500-2000 stinger missiles, each set cots 38000
• 1986-1989- shoots down 87 soviet helicopters