Determining Performance and Lmitations

Question 1

What are the four dynamic forces that act on an airplane during all maneuvers?

Answer 1

Lift, Gravity, Thrust, and Drag

Question 2

What flight condition will result in the sum of the opposing forces being equal

Answer 2

During unaccelerated flight

Question 3

What is an airfoil? Examples.

Answer 3

Airfoil is a device which gets a useful reaction from air moving over its surface, namely LIFT

Wings, horizontal tail surfaces, vertical tail surfaces, props

Question 4

Angle of incidence?

Answer 4

The angle of incidence is the angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the airplane and the chord of the wing.

Question 5

Relative wind?

Answer 5

The relative wind is the direction of the airflow with respect to the wing.

Question 6

What is angle of attack?

Answer 6

The angle of attack is the angle between the wing chord line and the direction of the relative wind

Question 7

What is Bernoulli’s Principle

Answer 7

The pressure of a fluid decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases.

In the case of airflow, high speped flow is associated with low pressure and low speed flow with high pressure.

Question 8

What are several factors which will affect both lift and drag?

Answer 8

Wing area, shape of the airfoil, angle of attack, velocity of the air, air density

Question 9

What is Torque Effect?

Answer 9

Torque effect involved Newton’s Third Law of Physics, for ever action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Applied tot he airplane, this means that the internal engine parts and the propeller are revolving in one direction, an equal force is tyring to rotate the airplane in the opposite direction.

Question 10

What effect does torque reaction have on an airplane on the ground and in flight?

Answer 10

In flight -Torque reaction is acting around the longitudinal axis tending to make the airplane roll.

On ground - during the takeoff roll, an additional turning moment around the vertical axis is induced by torque reaction

Question 11

What are the four factors that contribute to torque effect?

Answer 11

Torque reaction of the engine and prop

Gyroscopic effect of the prop

Corkscrewing effect of the propeller slipstream

Assymmetrical loading of the prop

Question 12

What is centrifugal force?

Answer 12

Equal and opposite reaction of the airplane to the change in direction and it acts equal and opposite to the horizontal component of lift

Question 13

What is load factor?

Answer 13

Load factor is the ratio of the total load supported by the airplane’s wing to the actual weight of the airplane and its contents.

It is the actual load supposed by the wings divided by the total weight of the airplane

Question 14

2 reasons load factor is important to pilots?

Answer 14

Because of the obviously dangerous overlaod that is possible for a pilot to impose on the aircraft structure

Because an increased load factor increases the stalling speed and makes stalls possible at seemingly safe flight speeds

Question 15

What situations may result in load factors reaching the maximum or being exceeded?

Answer 15

Level turns

Turbulence

Speed

Question 16

What are the different operational categories for aircraft?

Answer 16

Normal, utility, aerobatic

Question 17

What effect does increase in load factor have on stalling speed?

Answer 17

As load factor increases, stalling speed increases

Question 18

Maneuvering speed?

Answer 18

Maneuvering speed s the maximum speed at which abrupt control movement can be applied ora t which the airplane could be flown in turbulence without exceeding design load factor limits

Question 19

What is the effect of weight upon maneuvering speed?

Answer 19

Maneuvering speed increases with an increase in weight and decreases with a decrease in weight

Question 20

What causes an airplane to stall?

Answer 20

When the critical angle of attack has been exceeded

Question 21

What is a spin?

Answer 21

A spin is a manuever in which the airplane descends in a helical path while flying at an angle of attack greater than the critical angle of attack

Question 22

What causes a spin

Answer 22

The primary cause of an inadventerant spin is exceeding the critical angle of attack while applying excessive or insufficient rudder, and to a lesser extent, aileron

Question 23

When are spins most likely to occur?

Answer 23

Engine failure on takeoff climb out

cross control turn from base to final

engine failure on approach to landing

go around with full nose up trim

go around with improper flap retractoin

Question 24

What procedure should be used to recover from an inadvertent spin?

Answer 24

Close the throttle
Neutralize the ailerons
Apply full opposite rudder

Briskly move the elevator control forward to approximately the neutral position

Once the stall is born, the spinning will stop, neutralize the rudder when the spinning stops

When the rudder is neutralized, gradually apply enough aft elevator pressure to return to level flight

Question 25

What causes adverse yaw?

Answer 25

When the deflected aileron produces more lift than the other wing

Question 26

Ground Effect?

Answer 26

Condition of improved performance the airplane experiences when operating near the ground

Question 27

Define Arm

Answer 27

The horizontal distance in inches fromt he reference datum line to the center of gravity of the item

Question 28

define moment

Answer 28

the product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm. Expressed in pound-inches

Question 29

What is the basic weight an balance equation?

Answer 29

Weight X Arm = Moment

Question 30

What performance characteristics will be adversely affected when an aircraft has been overloaded?

Answer 30

Higher take off speed
longer takeoff run
reduced rate and angle of climb
lower maximum altitude
shorter range
reduced cruising speed
reduced maneuverability
higher stalling speed
higher landing speed
longer landing roll
excessive weight on nosewheel

Question 31

What effect does a forward center of gravity have on an aircraft’s flight characteristics?

Answer 31

Stability - Good
Maneuverability - poor
Stall Characteristics - Good
Performance - Decreased

Question 32

Effect of rearward COG on an aircraft’s flight characteristics?

Answer 32

Stability - Poor
Maneuverability - Good
Stall Characteristics - poor
Performance - improved

Question 33

What factors affect the performance of an aircraft during takeoffs and landings?

Answer 33

Air density (density altitude)
Surface wind
Runway surface
Upslope or downslope runway
weight

Question 34

What is the effect of increased weiht on takeoff and landing performance?

Answer 34

higher liftoff speed
Greater mass to accelerate
Increased retarding force
longer takeoff distance

Question 35

What effect does an increase in dnesity altitude have on takeoff and landing performance?

Answer 35

INcreased takeoff distance
Reduction rate of climb
Increased true airspeed on approach and landing
increased landing roll distance

Question 36

Define Density altitude?

Answer 36

Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temeprature

Question 37

How does air density affect aircraft performance?

Answer 37

Lift produced by wings
power output of engine
prop efficiency
drag forces

Question 38

What factors affect air density?

Answer 38

Altitude - the higher the altitude, the less dense the air
Temperature - the warmer the air, the less dense it is
Humidity - more humid air is less dense

Question 39

How does temperature, altitdue, and humidity affect density altitude?

Answer 39

A. Density altitude will increase (low air density) when one or more of the following occurs:
High air temp
high altitude
high humidity

B. Density altitude will decrease when one or more of the following occurs
low air temperature
low altidude
low humidity

Question 40

What is pressure altitude and why is it important?

Answer 40

The altitude indicated when the altimeter setting window is adjusted to 29.92.

it is important because it is used to compute density altidue,true altitude, true air speed, and other performance data