Cross Country Flashcards
Three ways to navigate?
Pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio navigation
Pilotage?
Reference to landmarks
Dead Reckoning?
By computing direction and distance from known position
What type of aeronautical charts are available for VFR use?
Sectional Charts, VFR Terminal Area Charts (depict class B Airspace), VFR Flyway Planning Charts
What is an isogonic line?
Shown on most aeronautical charts as borken magenta lines, isogonic lines connect points of equal magnetic variation.
They show the amount and direction of magnetic variation
What is magnetic variation
Variation is the angle between true north and magnetic north.
How do you convert a true direction to a magnetic?
East is least (subtract)
West is Best (add)
What is magnetic deviation?
Deviation caused by magnetic influences within the airplane itself
What is a VOR or VORTAC?
A radio station that projects radials in every direction.
Difference between VOR and VORTAC?
Vortacs provide the same standard bearing information as a VOR in addition to distance information to aircraft equiped with DME (distance measuring equipment)
Within what frequency ranges do VORs operate?
Between 108 and 117.95 Mhz
What limitations apply to VOR reception distances?
VORs are sbject to line of sight restrictions and the range varies proportionally to the altitude of the receiving equipment
What are different ways to measure the accuracy of VOR receiver equipment?
Ground Checkpoint - plus or minus 4
Airborne Checkpoint - plus or minus 6
Dual VOR check - 4 degrees between each other
VOT Check - plus or minus 4
When lost what do you do?
4 Cs
- Climb - allows for better comm and visual range
- Communicate- 121.5 if no other frequency produces results..
- Confess - Once communications are established, let them know your problem
- Comply - Follow instructions
What is the universal emergency frequency?
121.5
What bandwidths are used for ground control frequencies?
121.6-121.9
CTAF?
Common traffic advisory frequnecy
UNICOM?
Nogovernmental communication facility that may provide airport information at certain airports
ATIS?
Automatic Terminal Information Service - continuous broadcast of noncontrol information
Concerning a flight in the local area, is any preflight action required, and if so, what must it consist of?
Pilots must familiarize themselves wtih all available information concerning that flight, including runway lengths at airports of intended use, and takeoff and landing distance data under existing conditions
What is the right of way order of different categories of aircraft?
Balloons Gliders Airships Airplanes Rotorcraft
When would an aircraft have the right of way over all other traffic?
In distress
Which aircraft has right of way when converging?
Aircraft on right has right of way
Which aircraft has right of way when approaching head on?
Both aircraft shall alter course to the right
Which aircraft has right of way when overtaking?
Aircraft being overtaken has the right of way; pilot of the overtaking aircraft shall alter course to the right
Unless otherwise required by ATC, what is the maximum indicated airspeed at which a person may operate an aircraft below 10,000 feet MSL?
No more than 250 knots (288MPH)
What is the minimums afe altitude that an aircraft may operate over a congested area of a city?
1000 feet above highest obstacle within a 2000 foot horizontal radius
In areas other than congested areas what minimum safe altitude shall be used
aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person vessel vehicle or structure
What is minimums safe altitude?
An altitue allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface
What ist he lowest altiude an aircraft may be operated over an area desingated as a U.S. wildlife refuge, park, or forest service area?
2000 feet AGL
when can a pilot intentionally deviate from an ATC clearance or instruction?
A - an amended clearance has been obtained
B - an emergency exists
C- in response to a traffic and collision avoidance system resolution advisory
Radio communication fails, what conditions must be met before landing may be made?
Weather conditions must be at or above basic VFR minimums, visual contact with the tower must be maintained, and clearance to land is received
What instruments and equipment are required for VFR day flight?
TOMATO FFLAAMES
Tachometer Oil Pressure manifold Pressure Gauge Altimeter Temperature Gauge Oil Temp gauge
Fuel Gauage Floation gear Landing Gear position indicator Airspeed indicator Anticollision light system Magnetic Direction Indicator ELT Safety Belts
What instruments and equipment during VFR night flight?
Same as during VFR day PLUS
FLAPS
Fuses Landing Light Anticollision light system Position Lights Source of Electrical Energy
ELT Frequencies?
121.5 and 243.0
When should an ELT be replaced?
After use for more than 1 cumulative hour
OR
when 50 percent of their useful life has expired
What are the regulations concerning use of supplemental oxygen on board an aircraft?
> 12,500 but 14,000 - oxygen for entire flight at those altitudes for flight crew
> 15,000 - Oxygen must be provided for flight crew and passengers
What is aerobatic flight?
intential maneuver involving abrupt change in an aircraft’s attitude that is not necessary for normal flight
When are parachutes required?
Bank angle excess of 60 degrees,
Nose pitch up or down in excess of 30 degrees
Equipment for Class B?
Two way radio
Mode C altitude encoding transponder
(IFR VOR RECEIVER IS ALSO REQUIRED)
Before operating an aircraft into class B airspace what basic requirement must be met?
Arriving aircraft must obtain ATC clearance
Minimum weather for Class B?
Clear of clouds with 3 SM vis
What ATC services are provided in Class B?
Sequencing and separation
What is Class C airspace?
Generally from the surface to 4000 feet
Basic dimensions of Class C?
5NM radius core surface area from ground to 4,000
AND
10 NM radius shelf from 1,200 to 4,000. Outerradius 20NM
Minimum equipment for class C?
Two way Radio
Automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment with Mode C
What basic requirment must be met to operate in Class C?
Two way radio communications prior to entering
What is defined as established communication in class C?
The controller must respond to initial radio call using the aircraft identification
What is the minimum weather for operation in Class C?
3 SM and 500 below, 1000 above, 200 horizontal cloud clearance
How is Class C depict on Sectional Charts?
With a solid Magenta line
Where is Mode C altitude encoding transponder equipment required?
- At or above 10,000 feet MSL
- Within 30 miles of a Class B airspace below 10,000
- Within and above all Class C airspace
What is Class D?
Generally from surface to 2,500 feet AGL
When is required for Class D operation?
Two way radio comm with ATC
Minimum weather for Class D?
3 SM and 500, 1000 above, 2000
How is Class D depicted on Sectional Charts
With blue segmented lines
What type of ATC services are provided in Class D?
No separation. Pilot responsible for see and avoid
What are the minimums to oeprate in Class B, C, D, or E airspace?
ceiling 1,000 or greater and vis at least 3 SM
*Class B only requires cloud clearance and 3SM
When is immediate notification to the NTSB required?
- Flight controls system malfunction
- Crewmember unable to perform normal duties
- Turbine engine failure
- Inflight fire
- Collision in flight
- Property Damage >$25,000
- Overdue aircraft
After an accident or incident has occured, how soon must a report be filed with the NTSB?
- Within 10 days after an accident
- AFter 7 days of an overdue aircraft still missing
VASI?
Two light, red and white
PAPI?
Four light, red and white
What does an airport rotating beacon operating during daylight hours indicate?
Ground visibility less than 3 miles and/or the ceiling is less than 1,000 feet
What color are runway markings? Taxiway?
- Runway White
- Taxi Yellow
What is considered standard traffic pattern altitude?
1,000 feet AGL
Important Transponder Codes?
1200 -VFR
7500 - Hijack
7600 - Comm Failure
7700 - emergency
When conducting flight operations into an airport with an operating control tower, whens should initial contact be established?
15 miles from the airport
What radio facilities would be used at a towered airport within Class B,C, or D airspace when arriving?
ATIS, Approach Control, Control Tower, Ground Control
What radio facilities would be used at a towered airport within Class B,C, or D airspace when departing?
ATIS, Clearance delivery, ground control, control tower, departure control
What are NOTAMs?
Notices to Airmen - time critical aeronautical information of either temporary relative to flight
Notam (D)?
Distant dissemination beyond area of responsibility of FSS, are serious in nature
NOTAM (L)?
Local dissemination by voice and other means - do not affect instrument approach
FDC NOTAM?
Regulatory in nature
Where can NOTAM information be obtained?
Nearest FSS
- DUAT
- Local ATIS
- Notice to Airman Publication
When are VFR flight plans required?
For operations in or penetrating a coastal or domestic ADIZ
What is wake turbulence?
A phenomenon resulting from the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere. It includes vortices, thurst stream turublence, jet blast, jet wash, prop wash, rotor wash.
When is wake turbulence greatest?
when HEAVY, CLEAN, SLOW
LAHSO?
Land and hold short
