Determinants Of Health Flashcards
What are determinants?
Key factors that contribute to the start and spread of disease
Recent studies place _______________ _________ high on the list of determinants of health in the developing world
Environmental determinants
What is the cause of increased cancer prevalence?
Increased duration and intensity or UV radiation
Changes in exposure pathways for chemicals and toxins
What results due to food and water insecurity?
food and water borne illnesses
- increased agrochemical use for food production
- proliferation
What influences health?
Sex, biological factors
Individual behavior.
Social factors
Living and working conditions
Environment
Contrast traditional and modern definition of: environmental determinants of health
Traditional: any external agent(biological, chemical,physical) that can be causally linked to a change in health status
Modified current definition: Any external agent(biological, chemical, physical) that can be causally LinkedIn an INVOLUNTARY change in health status
What type of determinant is breathing in second hand tobacco smoke?
Environmental ( an agent involuntarily affects you)
What type of determinant is actively smoking?
Behavioral determinant
Give 3 sets of people more vulnerable to health determinants
Inherently more sensitive: genetic predisposition, pregnant persons, young and unborn children
Increased sensitivity: old age, immunocompromised, previous respiratory disease
(Remember Mr. Brown in China) Exposed to unusually large amounts of air pollutants: workers in certain industries, children, inhabitants of polluted countries
How many people lack sufficient access to water
1 in 10 people
How many people lack sufficient access to sanitation?
1 in 3
How many children die every year from a lack of clean water and sanitation?
1.5 million/ 20% of all child deaths
What are causal agents of methemglobinemia and cancer? What are common activities associated?
Nitrate(nitrosamines)
Common activities associated: water pollution from natural deposits in the earth or industrial and agricultural pollution
What is the causal agent of renal disfunction, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, hyper keratosis, cancer(system is toxicant)?
Arsenic
What is the causal agent of gastrointestinal distress, renal dysfunction, hepaatoxicity
Copper
What is the causal agent for parenthesis, gastrointestinalndistress, hemolysis, renal dysfunction, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction, cancer(systemic toxic)
Lead
What is the cause for the increase in respiratory disease( increased prevalence)
Pollen (altered growing seasons)
Molds( more extreme precipitation)
Air pollutants and aerosolized marine toxins( increased temperature, coastal runoff and humidity)
Dust(from drought)
What is life expectancy?
Average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age, based on age-specific mortality rates
What accounts for the 30 year gain in life expectancy from 1900 to 2000 (47-77)
25 years from public health
5 years from medicine
What are some factors contributing to the gains in life expectancy from 1900 to 2000
Clean water and air
Improved sanitation
Safer foods, improved nutrition
Expanded immunizations
Safer environment and workplaces
Improved medical care
Describe the levels of prevention
Primary prevention- prevention of disease or injury by eliminating causes of diseases or increasing resistance
Secondary prevention- early detection and prompt treatment of disease before it becomes symptomatic
Tertiary prevention- limitation of the impact
Differentiate the levels of prevention in terms of disease contraction
Primary prevention- predisease
Secondary prevention- Latent disease (asymptomatic)
Tertiary prevention- asymptomatic disease
Differentiate the levels of prevention in terms of responses they warrant
Primary prevention- health promotion and specific protection
Secondary prevention- screening and treatment
Tertiary prevention- treatment, disability limitation, rehabilitation
Give some methods of health promotion
Social marketing
Counseling
Environmental modification
Other structural changes
What is social marketing?
Application of commercial marketing principles to the analysis, planning, execution and evaluation of programs in order to influence voluntary behavior of target audiences to improve personal and social welfare
Describe the chain of transmission
Agents move from the reservoir to the susceptible host via a route of transmission and enter through a portal of entry
What are some ways you can protect yourself from from specific infectious diseases?
- Eliminate agent
- Control/eliminate reservoir
- Control transmission
- Prevent exposure
- Improve host resistance
How can iodine-deficiency goiter be controlled?
Food fortification- iodine in salt
How can rickets be controlled/treated?
Food fortification, vitamin D in milk
How can dental caries be treated or controlled?
Food fortification-Fluoride in water
How can neural tube defects be controlled or treated?
Food fortification- folic acid in cereal grain products
Name some ways in which iatrogenic diseases and injuries are being prevented
Medication errors- computer entry instead of handwritten orders
Surgical and medical errors- training, system changes, surveillance( including reporting)
Nosocomial- handwashing by healthcare workers
Give an example of secondary prevention
Periodic health exam
Law restricting sale of cigarettes to minors. This is an example of what level of presentation?
Primary
Screening for hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes. This is an example of what level of prevention?
Secondary prevention
Daily aspirin after having an acute myocardial infarction. This is an example of what level of prevention?
Tertiary prevention
Availability of playgrounds, recess, sports. This is an example of what level of prevention?
Primary prevention
Copper is the causal, chemical agent to what diseases?
Gastrointestinal distress, renal dysfunction, hepatotoxicity
What are the diseases caused by the chemical causal agent, arsenic?
Renal dysfunction, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, hyperkeratosis, cancer
What diseases are caused by the chemical causal agent nitrate(nitrosamines by product)
Methemoglobinemia and cancer
What are the diseases caused by the chemical causal agent lead?
Parasthesia, gastrointestinal distress, hemolysis, renal dysfunction, ataxia, cognitive dis function, cancer
What disease is caused by the biological agent, escherichibcoli?
Crohn’s disease
