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Public Health > Determinants Of Health > Flashcards

Determinants Of Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are determinants?

A

Key factors that contribute to the start and spread of disease

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2
Q

Recent studies place _______________ _________ high on the list of determinants of health in the developing world

A

Environmental determinants

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3
Q

What is the cause of increased cancer prevalence?

A

Increased duration and intensity or UV radiation

Changes in exposure pathways for chemicals and toxins

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4
Q

What results due to food and water insecurity?

A

food and water borne illnesses

  • increased agrochemical use for food production
  • proliferation
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5
Q

What influences health?

A

Sex, biological factors

Individual behavior.

Social factors

Living and working conditions

Environment

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6
Q

Contrast traditional and modern definition of: environmental determinants of health

A

Traditional: any external agent(biological, chemical,physical) that can be causally linked to a change in health status

Modified current definition: Any external agent(biological, chemical, physical) that can be causally LinkedIn an INVOLUNTARY change in health status

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7
Q

What type of determinant is breathing in second hand tobacco smoke?

A

Environmental ( an agent involuntarily affects you)

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8
Q

What type of determinant is actively smoking?

A

Behavioral determinant

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9
Q

Give 3 sets of people more vulnerable to health determinants

A

Inherently more sensitive: genetic predisposition, pregnant persons, young and unborn children

Increased sensitivity: old age, immunocompromised, previous respiratory disease

(Remember Mr. Brown in China) Exposed to unusually large amounts of air pollutants: workers in certain industries, children, inhabitants of polluted countries

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10
Q

How many people lack sufficient access to water

A

1 in 10 people

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11
Q

How many people lack sufficient access to sanitation?

A

1 in 3

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12
Q

How many children die every year from a lack of clean water and sanitation?

A

1.5 million/ 20% of all child deaths

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13
Q

What are causal agents of methemglobinemia and cancer? What are common activities associated?

A

Nitrate(nitrosamines)

Common activities associated: water pollution from natural deposits in the earth or industrial and agricultural pollution

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14
Q

What is the causal agent of renal disfunction, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, hyper keratosis, cancer(system is toxicant)?

A

Arsenic

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15
Q

What is the causal agent of gastrointestinal distress, renal dysfunction, hepaatoxicity

A

Copper

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16
Q

What is the causal agent for parenthesis, gastrointestinalndistress, hemolysis, renal dysfunction, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction, cancer(systemic toxic)

A

Lead

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17
Q

What is the cause for the increase in respiratory disease( increased prevalence)

A

Pollen (altered growing seasons)

Molds( more extreme precipitation)

Air pollutants and aerosolized marine toxins( increased temperature, coastal runoff and humidity)

Dust(from drought)

18
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age, based on age-specific mortality rates

19
Q

What accounts for the 30 year gain in life expectancy from 1900 to 2000 (47-77)

A

25 years from public health

5 years from medicine

20
Q

What are some factors contributing to the gains in life expectancy from 1900 to 2000

A

Clean water and air

Improved sanitation

Safer foods, improved nutrition

Expanded immunizations

Safer environment and workplaces

Improved medical care

21
Q

Describe the levels of prevention

A

Primary prevention- prevention of disease or injury by eliminating causes of diseases or increasing resistance

Secondary prevention- early detection and prompt treatment of disease before it becomes symptomatic

Tertiary prevention- limitation of the impact

22
Q

Differentiate the levels of prevention in terms of disease contraction

A

Primary prevention- predisease

Secondary prevention- Latent disease (asymptomatic)

Tertiary prevention- asymptomatic disease

23
Q

Differentiate the levels of prevention in terms of responses they warrant

A

Primary prevention- health promotion and specific protection

Secondary prevention- screening and treatment

Tertiary prevention- treatment, disability limitation, rehabilitation

24
Q

Give some methods of health promotion

A

Social marketing
Counseling
Environmental modification
Other structural changes

25
Q

What is social marketing?

A

Application of commercial marketing principles to the analysis, planning, execution and evaluation of programs in order to influence voluntary behavior of target audiences to improve personal and social welfare

26
Q

Describe the chain of transmission

A

Agents move from the reservoir to the susceptible host via a route of transmission and enter through a portal of entry

27
Q

What are some ways you can protect yourself from from specific infectious diseases?

A
  1. Eliminate agent
  2. Control/eliminate reservoir
  3. Control transmission
  4. Prevent exposure
  5. Improve host resistance
28
Q

How can iodine-deficiency goiter be controlled?

A

Food fortification- iodine in salt

29
Q

How can rickets be controlled/treated?

A

Food fortification, vitamin D in milk

30
Q

How can dental caries be treated or controlled?

A

Food fortification-Fluoride in water

31
Q

How can neural tube defects be controlled or treated?

A

Food fortification- folic acid in cereal grain products

32
Q

Name some ways in which iatrogenic diseases and injuries are being prevented

A

Medication errors- computer entry instead of handwritten orders

Surgical and medical errors- training, system changes, surveillance( including reporting)

Nosocomial- handwashing by healthcare workers

33
Q

Give an example of secondary prevention

A

Periodic health exam

34
Q

Law restricting sale of cigarettes to minors. This is an example of what level of presentation?

A

Primary

35
Q

Screening for hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes. This is an example of what level of prevention?

A

Secondary prevention

36
Q

Daily aspirin after having an acute myocardial infarction. This is an example of what level of prevention?

A

Tertiary prevention

37
Q

Availability of playgrounds, recess, sports. This is an example of what level of prevention?

A

Primary prevention

38
Q

Copper is the causal, chemical agent to what diseases?

A

Gastrointestinal distress, renal dysfunction, hepatotoxicity

39
Q

What are the diseases caused by the chemical causal agent, arsenic?

A

Renal dysfunction, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, hyperkeratosis, cancer

40
Q

What diseases are caused by the chemical causal agent nitrate(nitrosamines by product)

A

Methemoglobinemia and cancer

41
Q

What are the diseases caused by the chemical causal agent lead?

A

Parasthesia, gastrointestinal distress, hemolysis, renal dysfunction, ataxia, cognitive dis function, cancer

42
Q

What disease is caused by the biological agent, escherichibcoli?

A

Crohn’s disease

Public Health (9 decks)

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