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public health > Combined Public Health/ Science Of Health And Disease > Flashcards

Combined Public Health/ Science Of Health And Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Give 2 definitions of disease

A
  1. An interruption, cessation. or disorder of the body’s functions, systems or organs
  2. A morbid entity characterized usually by at least two of the following criteria:

Consistent anatomical alterations

Recognized etiological agents

Signs a and symptoms

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2
Q

What are the selected categories of diseases?

A

MINT’D

Metabolic

Infectious

Nutritional

Traumatic

Developmental

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3
Q

What are 3 examples of developmental diseases?

A

Learning disability

Vision impairment

ADHD

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4
Q

What are causes of developmental disabilities?

A

Preterm birth

Certain viral infections during pregnancy

Genetic or chromosomal abnormalities

Prenatal exposure to substances

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5
Q

Prenatal exposure to substances an example includes…

A

Drinking alcohol when pregnant can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

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6
Q

What are some examples of genetic or chromosomal abnormalities?

A

Down syndrome and Rhett syndrome

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7
Q

What are developmental milestones?

A

Things that give a general idea of the changes to expect as a child gets older. Such as smiling and walking for the first time

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8
Q

What is developmental monitoring?

A

At each well child visit doctors examine developmental delays and talks with parents about concerns they might have

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9
Q

Any problems noticed during developmental monitoring should be followed up by ______________ _______

A

Developmental screening

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10
Q

What is developmental screening?

A

A short test to tell whether a child is learning basic skills when they should they are delayed

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11
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and nutrients.

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12
Q

What are the 3 broad groups addressed by malnutrition?

A
  1. Under nutrition- which includes wasting (low weight for height)
  2. Stunting (low height for age)
  3. Underweight( low weight for age)
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13
Q

What is Stunting?

A

Low Height For age

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14
Q

What is wasting?

A

Low weight for height

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15
Q

What is underweight?

A

Low weight for age

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16
Q

What are symptoms of kwashiorkor(nutritional disease)?

A
  1. Large pot belly
  2. Stunted growth
  3. Swelling of face and limbs
  4. Skin diseases
  5. Mental retardation
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17
Q

Metabolically rare typically_________

A

Hereditary

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18
Q

What usually causes onset of metabolic disorders?

A

Can appear healthy for up to years but symptoms onset when body’s metabolism comes under stress like prolonged fasting or during febrile illness

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19
Q

It is possible to obtain __________ ____________ ________ screening for some metabolic diseases.

For example, testing for __________ _______disease is relatively common in the ___________ __________ population

A

Prenatal diagnostic screening

Ashkenazi. Jewish.

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20
Q

What are metabolic diseases?

A

Diseases or disorders that disrupt normal metabolism

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21
Q

What are possible consequences of metabolic imbalance?

A

Intellectual disability

Seizures

Decreased muscle tone

Organ failure

Blindness

Deafness

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22
Q

What is infectious disease?

A

A disease resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial agent

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23
Q

The major epidemics are caused by ___________, ________ or ____________ all causing different types of diseases

A

Viruses

Bacteria

Parasites

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24
Q

What are symptoms of Zika Virus?

A
  1. Mild fever
  2. Skin rashes
  3. Conjunctivitis (red eye)
  4. Muscle and joint pain
  5. Malaise and headaches
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25
Q

How can Zika Virus spread be prevented?

A

Stay away from mosquitos and breeding sites

Wear clothes that thoroughly cover the body

Wear light-colored clothing

Young children and elderly should remain inside

Keep your home and surrounding area clean to prevent mosquitos from breeding

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26
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

Female mosquito bites during dusk and dawn and needs a blood meal to feed her eggs . Malaria is transmitted from one person to another by a bite of female mosquito

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27
Q

Why do male mosquitos not transmit malaria?

A

They feed on plant juices not blood

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28
Q

How any species of anopheles mosquito are there? How much species can transmit mosquitos?

A

380 species but 60 can transmit malaria

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29
Q

Why does the accumulation of water vapor favor the spread of mosquito related diseases?

A

Because mosquitos anopheles breed in water

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30
Q

What are the top 4 reasons for PTSD in men?

A
  1. Rape
  2. Combat exposure
  3. Childhood neglect
  4. Childhood physical abuse
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31
Q

What causes PTSD in women?

A
  1. Rape
  2. Sexual molestation
  3. Physical attack
  4. Being threatened with a weapon
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32
Q

Acute stress reaction becomes PTSD becomes

A

It lasts longer than 1 month

You experience emotional numbness

You avoid reminders of trauma

You relive or replay events

Experience hyper arounsel(amped up emotion)

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33
Q

What is an acute stress reaction?

A

When someone experiences trauma and has a reflective response but it goes away pretty quickly

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34
Q

How much women die from preventable causes related to childbirth and pregnancy everyday?-according to centers for disease control and prevention and how much I’m developing countries

A

800

99% in developing countries

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35
Q

Among deaths for children under 5, how much do neonatal deaths account for?

A

40%

36
Q

In 2012 ______________ children died before age 5

A

6.6 million

37
Q

How much children under 5 die due to diarrhea?

A

760,000

38
Q

Some of the most common infections associated with congenital anamolies are ____________. Infections

A

ToRCH

39
Q

Some congenital anamolies such as….. have a genetic basis

A

Down syndrome, hemophilia and Tay-Sachs

40
Q

What are the leading causes of death among black infants?

A

Prematurity and low birth weight

41
Q

What is the third leading cause of death among black infants?

A

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

42
Q

How was SIDS reduced?

A

An educational campaign about infant sleeping positions cut SIDS death by 38%

43
Q

When was SIDS first recognized as a public health issue?

A

In the late 1960s when more than 7,000 infants died unexpectedly every year

44
Q

What vaccinations are required for children by law before school age?

A

Diphtheria

Tetanus

Polio

Measles

Mumps

Rubella(German mumps)

Pertussis(whooping cough)

45
Q

How is HUV usually spread?

A

By having sex and sharing syringes and other injection equipment with someone who is infected

Substance abuse makes people less likely to use condoms

46
Q

I’m 2003, 34-46. Million people were living with HIV infection. How much cases were in the sub-Saharan Africa?

A

Three fourths

47
Q

how much children were living with HIV/AIDS?

A

2.1 and 2.9 million children

48
Q

By the end of 2002, how much cases of HUV were represented by women?

A

58%

49
Q

How can HIV mother to child transmission be prevented?

A

By treating women during pregnancy and delivery period

50
Q

What are risk factors for perinatal, maternal and under 5 morbidity/mortality ?

A

Poverty

Lack of parental care

Environmental chemicals such as lead, pesticides, organic solvents

Maternal behaviors such as smoking

51
Q

Wahat are common ways public health prevents diseases ?

A

Pre and post natal screening for diagnostic testing

Protection of pregnant women from exposure to environmental teratogens

Dietary supplementation with folic acid

Adequate family planning services and access to medical care

Immunization requirements

Fluoridation of community water supplies

52
Q

____________ _________ is the mist common noticeable disease in the US

A

Chlamidia trachomatis

53
Q

Untreated chlamidia trachomatis infection can lead to _______ ________ __________ which is a major cause of __________, ________ ________ and _______ __________ _______

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Infertility

Ectopic pregnancy

Chronic pelvic pain

54
Q

Chlamidia infection could facilitate the transmission of _________

A

HIV

55
Q

Pregnant women with chlamidia can pass their infection to infants during delivery resulting in _________ ________

A

Ophthalmia neonatorum

56
Q

Ophthalmia neonartum can lead to….

A

Blindness and pneumonia

57
Q

________________ is the second mist reported notifiable disease in the U.S.

A

Gonorrhea

58
Q

Gonorrhea infections are due to….

A

Neisseria gonorrheae

59
Q

Gonococcal infections also facilitate the transmission of _____ infection and are a major cause of _________ _____________ ________ in the U.S.

A

HIV

Pelvic inflammatory disease

60
Q

What is Syphilis?

A

A genital ulcerative disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallium

61
Q

Syphilis can lead to transmission and acquisition of …

A

HIV

62
Q

Teenage mothers are less likely to seek ____________, _______ and __________ during pregnancy putting them at risk of low birth weight and other serious complications

A

Prenatal care

Smoke

Gain adequate weight

63
Q

How should teenage pregnancies, STD and HIV be prevented?

A

Increase their access and use of sexual health services e.g. HIV testing, contraceptive counseling and HPV vaccination

64
Q

What are the 3 groups the elderly are characterized into?

A

Young old- 65-74 years

Aged- 75-84 years

Oldest old - over 85 years

65
Q

What is risk factor of cirrhosis?

A

Alcohol

66
Q

What are risk factors of RTA?

A

Alcohol, no use of seat belts, speed, roads

67
Q

What are risk factors of diabetes?

A

Obesity and diet

68
Q

What are risk factors of a stroke?

A

High blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, smoking

69
Q

What are risk factors of cancer?

A

Smoking, alcohol, solar radiation, ionizing radiation, work site hazards, environmental pollution, medications, infectious agents, dietary factors

70
Q

What are risk factors of heart disease?

A

Smoking, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, Type A personality

71
Q

What are the most important determinants for the old aged?

A

Nutrition and physical activity

72
Q

Does obesity increase risk of arthritis?

A

Yes

73
Q

This is the single largest killer of males and females with almost 500,000 deaths per year

A

Cardiovascular disease

74
Q

Half die within 1 hour of symptoms. In 48% of men and 63% of women who die suddenly without symptoms

A

Cardiovascular disease

75
Q

What are the warning signs of a heart attack?

A

Chest pain(angina pectoris)

Discomfort

Shortness of breath

Cold sweat

Nausea

Light headedness

76
Q

What are some ways to prevent a heart attack?

A

Reduce alcohol intake

Monitor BP and cholesterol

Quit smoking and other drugs

Exercise

Healthy eating habits

77
Q

What are the most common cancer deaths?

A

Lung and bronchus

Breast(female)

Prostate

Colon and rectum

78
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in the US?

A

Cancer

79
Q

One every four deaths every year is due to …

A

Cancer

80
Q

What are warning signs of cancer?

A 
CAUTION
Change in bowel of bladder habits
A sore throat that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing 
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
81
Q

What can be done to prevent cancer ?

A

Avoid smoking

Perform regular BSE

Females get regular Pap smear test

Get regular clinical screenings when appropriate

Diet- lots vegetables, low fat, moderate protein

Exercise

82
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Loss of bone from the skeleton as people age

83
Q

What is the most serious risk factor of osteoporosis?

A

Hip fractures

84
Q

What may increase risk of osteoporosis?

A

Smoking and alcohol

85
Q

Give a statistic that shoes the effect of hip fractures on the elderly and their lives

A

Study showed only 73% of those that suffered a hip fracture for those 75 years or older are alive one year later

public health (9 decks)

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