Combined Public Health/ Science Of Health And Disease Flashcards
Give 2 definitions of disease
- An interruption, cessation. or disorder of the body’s functions, systems or organs
- A morbid entity characterized usually by at least two of the following criteria:
Consistent anatomical alterations
Recognized etiological agents
Signs a and symptoms
What are the selected categories of diseases?
MINT’D
Metabolic
Infectious
Nutritional
Traumatic
Developmental
What are 3 examples of developmental diseases?
Learning disability
Vision impairment
ADHD
What are causes of developmental disabilities?
Preterm birth
Certain viral infections during pregnancy
Genetic or chromosomal abnormalities
Prenatal exposure to substances
Prenatal exposure to substances an example includes…
Drinking alcohol when pregnant can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
What are some examples of genetic or chromosomal abnormalities?
Down syndrome and Rhett syndrome
What are developmental milestones?
Things that give a general idea of the changes to expect as a child gets older. Such as smiling and walking for the first time
What is developmental monitoring?
At each well child visit doctors examine developmental delays and talks with parents about concerns they might have
Any problems noticed during developmental monitoring should be followed up by ______________ _______
Developmental screening
What is developmental screening?
A short test to tell whether a child is learning basic skills when they should they are delayed
What is malnutrition?
Refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and nutrients.
What are the 3 broad groups addressed by malnutrition?
- Under nutrition- which includes wasting (low weight for height)
- Stunting (low height for age)
- Underweight( low weight for age)
What is Stunting?
Low Height For age
What is wasting?
Low weight for height
What is underweight?
Low weight for age
What are symptoms of kwashiorkor(nutritional disease)?
- Large pot belly
- Stunted growth
- Swelling of face and limbs
- Skin diseases
- Mental retardation
Metabolically rare typically_________
Hereditary
What usually causes onset of metabolic disorders?
Can appear healthy for up to years but symptoms onset when body’s metabolism comes under stress like prolonged fasting or during febrile illness
It is possible to obtain __________ ____________ ________ screening for some metabolic diseases.
For example, testing for __________ _______disease is relatively common in the ___________ __________ population
Prenatal diagnostic screening
Ashkenazi. Jewish.
What are metabolic diseases?
Diseases or disorders that disrupt normal metabolism
What are possible consequences of metabolic imbalance?
Intellectual disability
Seizures
Decreased muscle tone
Organ failure
Blindness
Deafness
What is infectious disease?
A disease resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial agent
The major epidemics are caused by ___________, ________ or ____________ all causing different types of diseases
Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites
What are symptoms of Zika Virus?
- Mild fever
- Skin rashes
- Conjunctivitis (red eye)
- Muscle and joint pain
- Malaise and headaches
How can Zika Virus spread be prevented?
Stay away from mosquitos and breeding sites
Wear clothes that thoroughly cover the body
Wear light-colored clothing
Young children and elderly should remain inside
Keep your home and surrounding area clean to prevent mosquitos from breeding
How is malaria transmitted?
Female mosquito bites during dusk and dawn and needs a blood meal to feed her eggs . Malaria is transmitted from one person to another by a bite of female mosquito
Why do male mosquitos not transmit malaria?
They feed on plant juices not blood
How any species of anopheles mosquito are there? How much species can transmit mosquitos?
380 species but 60 can transmit malaria
Why does the accumulation of water vapor favor the spread of mosquito related diseases?
Because mosquitos anopheles breed in water
What are the top 4 reasons for PTSD in men?
- Rape
- Combat exposure
- Childhood neglect
- Childhood physical abuse
What causes PTSD in women?
- Rape
- Sexual molestation
- Physical attack
- Being threatened with a weapon
Acute stress reaction becomes PTSD becomes
It lasts longer than 1 month
You experience emotional numbness
You avoid reminders of trauma
You relive or replay events
Experience hyper arounsel(amped up emotion)
What is an acute stress reaction?
When someone experiences trauma and has a reflective response but it goes away pretty quickly
How much women die from preventable causes related to childbirth and pregnancy everyday?-according to centers for disease control and prevention and how much I’m developing countries
800
99% in developing countries
Among deaths for children under 5, how much do neonatal deaths account for?
40%
In 2012 ______________ children died before age 5
6.6 million
How much children under 5 die due to diarrhea?
760,000
Some of the most common infections associated with congenital anamolies are ____________. Infections
ToRCH
Some congenital anamolies such as….. have a genetic basis
Down syndrome, hemophilia and Tay-Sachs
What are the leading causes of death among black infants?
Prematurity and low birth weight
What is the third leading cause of death among black infants?
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
How was SIDS reduced?
An educational campaign about infant sleeping positions cut SIDS death by 38%
When was SIDS first recognized as a public health issue?
In the late 1960s when more than 7,000 infants died unexpectedly every year
What vaccinations are required for children by law before school age?
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Polio
Measles
Mumps
Rubella(German mumps)
Pertussis(whooping cough)
How is HUV usually spread?
By having sex and sharing syringes and other injection equipment with someone who is infected
Substance abuse makes people less likely to use condoms
I’m 2003, 34-46. Million people were living with HIV infection. How much cases were in the sub-Saharan Africa?
Three fourths
how much children were living with HIV/AIDS?
2.1 and 2.9 million children
By the end of 2002, how much cases of HUV were represented by women?
58%
How can HIV mother to child transmission be prevented?
By treating women during pregnancy and delivery period
What are risk factors for perinatal, maternal and under 5 morbidity/mortality ?
Poverty
Lack of parental care
Environmental chemicals such as lead, pesticides, organic solvents
Maternal behaviors such as smoking
Wahat are common ways public health prevents diseases ?
Pre and post natal screening for diagnostic testing
Protection of pregnant women from exposure to environmental teratogens
Dietary supplementation with folic acid
Adequate family planning services and access to medical care
Immunization requirements
Fluoridation of community water supplies
____________ _________ is the mist common noticeable disease in the US
Chlamidia trachomatis
Untreated chlamidia trachomatis infection can lead to _______ ________ __________ which is a major cause of __________, ________ ________ and _______ __________ _______
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Infertility
Ectopic pregnancy
Chronic pelvic pain
Chlamidia infection could facilitate the transmission of _________
HIV
Pregnant women with chlamidia can pass their infection to infants during delivery resulting in _________ ________
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Ophthalmia neonartum can lead to….
Blindness and pneumonia
________________ is the second mist reported notifiable disease in the U.S.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea infections are due to….
Neisseria gonorrheae
Gonococcal infections also facilitate the transmission of _____ infection and are a major cause of _________ _____________ ________ in the U.S.
HIV
Pelvic inflammatory disease
What is Syphilis?
A genital ulcerative disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallium
Syphilis can lead to transmission and acquisition of …
HIV
Teenage mothers are less likely to seek ____________, _______ and __________ during pregnancy putting them at risk of low birth weight and other serious complications
Prenatal care
Smoke
Gain adequate weight
How should teenage pregnancies, STD and HIV be prevented?
Increase their access and use of sexual health services e.g. HIV testing, contraceptive counseling and HPV vaccination
What are the 3 groups the elderly are characterized into?
Young old- 65-74 years
Aged- 75-84 years
Oldest old - over 85 years
What is risk factor of cirrhosis?
Alcohol
What are risk factors of RTA?
Alcohol, no use of seat belts, speed, roads
What are risk factors of diabetes?
Obesity and diet
What are risk factors of a stroke?
High blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, smoking
What are risk factors of cancer?
Smoking, alcohol, solar radiation, ionizing radiation, work site hazards, environmental pollution, medications, infectious agents, dietary factors
What are risk factors of heart disease?
Smoking, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, Type A personality
What are the most important determinants for the old aged?
Nutrition and physical activity
Does obesity increase risk of arthritis?
Yes
This is the single largest killer of males and females with almost 500,000 deaths per year
Cardiovascular disease
Half die within 1 hour of symptoms. In 48% of men and 63% of women who die suddenly without symptoms
Cardiovascular disease
What are the warning signs of a heart attack?
Chest pain(angina pectoris)
Discomfort
Shortness of breath
Cold sweat
Nausea
Light headedness
What are some ways to prevent a heart attack?
Reduce alcohol intake
Monitor BP and cholesterol
Quit smoking and other drugs
Exercise
Healthy eating habits
What are the most common cancer deaths?
Lung and bronchus
Breast(female)
Prostate
Colon and rectum
What is the second leading cause of death in the US?
Cancer
One every four deaths every year is due to …
Cancer
What are warning signs of cancer?
CAUTION Change in bowel of bladder habits A sore throat that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness
What can be done to prevent cancer ?
Avoid smoking
Perform regular BSE
Females get regular Pap smear test
Get regular clinical screenings when appropriate
Diet- lots vegetables, low fat, moderate protein
Exercise
What is osteoporosis?
Loss of bone from the skeleton as people age
What is the most serious risk factor of osteoporosis?
Hip fractures
What may increase risk of osteoporosis?
Smoking and alcohol
Give a statistic that shoes the effect of hip fractures on the elderly and their lives
Study showed only 73% of those that suffered a hip fracture for those 75 years or older are alive one year later
