Desórdenes del Metabolismo y la Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Defectos en un solo gen, ya sea heredados o espontáneos que se manifiestan en la infancia o niñez :

A

Errores innatos del metabolismo

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2
Q

Que consecuencias pueden tener los errores innatos del metabolismo?

A
  • defectos en el metabolismo de carbohidratos o aminoácidos
  • efectos patológicos de un metabólico intermediario
  • defectos en el transporte transmembranal
  • síntesis de proteínas defectivas
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3
Q

Incidencia de los errores innatos del metabolismo?

A

1% de los nacimientos

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4
Q

Que regiones geográficas tienen más incidencia de talasemias que hacen a las personas menos susceptibles a la malaria?

A

Regiones mediterráneas

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5
Q

Ejemplos de desórdenes del metabolismo de los carbohidratos:

A

Enfermedad por almacenamiento de glucógeno
Intolerancia a la fructosa
Galactosemia
Tirosinemia

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6
Q

Ejemplos de desórdenes del metabolismo de aminoácidos:

A

Fenilcetonuria
Alkaptonuria
Albinismo
Hipotiroidismo familiar
Homocisteinuria

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7
Q

Ejemplos de trastornos de almacenamiento:

A

Mucopolisacaridosis
Esfingolipidosis
Glucogenosis

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8
Q

Ejemplos de desórdenes de transporte transmembranal:

A

Fibrosis quística
Cistinuria
Deficiencia de disacaridasa
Diabetes insípida nefrogénica

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9
Q

Ejemplos de canalopatías (defectos resultantes de la disfunción de canales iónicos específicos en las membranas celulares):

A

Fibrosis quística
Miastenia gravis

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10
Q

Enfermedad autosómica dominante en la que se presenta acumulación de porfirinas debido q una síntesis inadecuada del grupo hemo:

A

Porfiria

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11
Q

ejemplos de desórdenes del metabolismo del tejido conectivo:

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta
Síndrome de Marfan
Síndrome de Ethlers-Danlos
Pseudoxantoma elástico
Cutis laxa

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12
Q

En la osteogenesis imperfecta hay un error en la síntesis de:

A

Colágeno tipo I

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13
Q

Enfermedad en la cual hay acumulación intracelular de glucógeno e inhabilidad de obtener glucosa a partir del glucógeno

A

Enfermedad de almacenamiento de glucógeno

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14
Q

Enfermedad en la qué hay deficiencia de la fructosa-1-fosfato aldolasa que resulta en daño hepático

A

Intolerancia a la fructosa

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15
Q

Deficiencia de galactosa-1-fosfato uridiltransferqsa que resulta en daño hepático

A

Galactosemia

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16
Q

Deficiencia de fumarola-acetoacetato hidrolasa que resulta en daño hepático y, en casos crónicos, carcinoma hepático

A

Tirosinemia

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17
Q

La diabetes mellitus tiene cierto componente hereditario, probablemente relacionado a asociaciones del HLA (v/f)

A

Verdadero

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18
Q

Enfermedad en la cual la falta de fenilalanina hidroxilasa bloquea la conversión de fenilalanina a tirosina por que aparecen fenilalanina y ácido fenilpirúvico en la orina

A

Fenilcetonuria

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19
Q

Enfermedad en la cual la falta de oxidasa del ácido homogentísico causa acumulación de ácido homogentícico principalmente en los cartílagos causando ocronosis (oscurecimiento del tejido conectivo) y daño articular. La orina y el sudor se pueden tornar negros.

A

Alkaptonuria

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20
Q

Condición que resulta de la falta de la enzima tirosinasa, por lo que no se puede convertir la tirosina en DOPA y finalmente en melanina

A

Albinismo

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21
Q

Resulta de la deficiencia de una o varias enzimas que no permite la yodación de la tirosina para formar hormona tiroidea

A

Hipotiroidismo familiar

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22
Q

Desorden autosómica recesivo en el cual hay dificienciq de la cistationina sintasa por lo que se acumulan homocisteina y su precursor metió niña en la sangre, interfiriendo con el entrecruzamiento del colágeno y las fibras elásticas. Es similar al síndrome de Marfan pero en este caso hay convulsiones y retraso mental.

A

Homocistinuria

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23
Q

En este tipo de desórdenes la acumulación de macromoléculas dentro de las células que las producen resulta en tumefacción celular, causando agrandamiento de los órganos y deformidades. También afecta la función de la célula y sus vecinas por los efectos de la presión.

A

Desórdenes de almacenamiento

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24
Q

Por qué sucede la diabetes insípida nefrogénica?

A

Debido a la falta de sensibilidad de los tubulos renales a la ADH

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25
Q

Qué sucede en la deficiencia de disacaridasa?

A

No se pueden absorber lactosa, maltosa ni sucrosa

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26
Q

Enfermedad que afecta los túbulos renales y resulta en litos renales

A

Cistinuria

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27
Q

Cuál es el gen afectado en fibrosis quística y en qué cromosoma se encuentra?

A

Gen CFTR
Anormalidad más común: ΔF508
Cromosoma 7

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28
Q

Multifactorial disorder characterised by high blood uric acid levels ?

A

Gout

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29
Q

El deposito de los cristales de urato que causa ?

A

skin nodules (tophil)
joint damage
renal damage
stones

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30
Q

primarily a breakdown product of the body’s purine (nucleic acid) metabolism.

A

uric acid

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31
Q

what causes the urate crystal deposition ?

A

↑ monosodium urate

** uric acid in the blood –> primarily in the form of monosodium urate

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32
Q

causa comun de la Gota en pacientes pediatricos ?

A

Lesch–Nyhan syndrome – is due to absence of the enzyme HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase)

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33
Q

The gout is aeriology is multifactorial/Genetics. What are some factors justifies gout ?

A

gender (male>female)
family history
diet (meat, alcohol)
socio-economic status (high>low)
body size (obesity).

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34
Q

Subdivisions of the gout ?

A

Primary gout (genetic)

secondary gout ( ↑ liberation of nucleic acids from necrotic tissue / ↓ urinary excretion of uric acid)

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35
Q

Por que se produce el dolor en las articulaciones en la enfermedad de la gota ?

A

Painful acute arthritis (result from phagocytosis of the crystal by neutrophils polymorphs → cyclical inflammatory reaction)
1st metatarsophalangeal joint typically affected

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36
Q

Qué controla al agua y el balance de electrolitos ?

A

controlled by hormones → acting selective reabsorption in the renal tubules.

  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • aldosterone
  • natriuretic peptides
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37
Q

Water is constantly lost → in urine, feces, exhaled gas from the lungs, and from the skin. Como se hace la reposición?

A

replace by sensation of thirst and regulation of renal tube reabsorption.

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38
Q

Excessive water loss/inadequate intake.

A

Dehydration

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39
Q

Causantes de deshidratación

A
  • vomiting and diarrhea
  • extensive burns
  • sweating (fever, exercise, hot climates)
  • diabetes insipidus (failure to produce ADH)
  • nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (renal tubular insensitivity to ADH)
  • diuresis (e.g. osmotic loss accompanying the glycosuria of diabetes mellitus).
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40
Q

Signos clinicos de la deshidratación

A
  • Dry mouth
  • inelastic skin
  • extreme cases, sunken eyes.
  • The blood haematocrit (proportion of the blood volume occupied by cells) will be elevated → blood viscosity.
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41
Q

Cuando puede ocurrir un water excess ?

A

patients with oedema

inappropriate production of ADH

body sodium concentration increases due to excessive tubular reabsorption

patients w/impaired renal function.

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42
Q

excess of fluid (water) in the intracellular compartment of a tissue.

A

Edema

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43
Q

Como se reconoce clínicamente el edema ?

A

diffuse swelling of the affected tissue.

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44
Q

Como se identidica un edema subcutaneo y un edema en un internal tissue ?

A

edema subcutaneous - may be pitting (fosa)

internal tissue - during surgery

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45
Q

Excess of fluid in a serous or coelomic cavity (e.g. peritoneal cavity or pleural cavity).

A

Serous effusion

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46
Q

Causa de edema y efusión serosa ?

A

excessive leakage of fluid from blood vessels → extravascular spaces / impaired reabsorption of fluid from tissues or serous cavities.

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47
Q

El edema y fusiones serosas se pueden clasificar en 4 categorías patogénicas:

A

Inflamatorio - Aumento de permeabilidad vascular

Venoso - incremento en la presión intravenosa

Linfático - obstrucción del drenaje linfático.

Hipoalbuminemia - reducción en la presión oncótica del plasma

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48
Q

El edema venoso puede ocurrir por un …

A

heart failure ( se presenta edema en ambas piernas)

impairment of blood flow due to venous

obstruction

thrombu (se presenta edema en una pierna)

extrinsic compression.

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49
Q

Causas de lymphatic edema ?

A

blockage of lymphatic flow by filarial parasites/tumor metastases/complication of lymph nodes.

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50
Q

Causas de hypoalbuminemia oedema ?

A

protein malnutrition (as in kwashiorkor)

liver failure (reduced albumin synthesis)

nephrotic syndrome (excessive albumin loss in urine)

protein-losing enteropathy (a variety of diseases are responsible).

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51
Q

excess of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

Ascites

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52
Q

Serous effusions may be divided into …

A
  • Transudates: protein concentration of <20 g/L
  • Exudates: concentration ↑ - Tumour is the most important cause of an exudate.
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53
Q

Que es Hypernatremia

A

↑ sodium intake
↓ sodium losses
Ingesta inadecuada de agua

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54
Q

Causas de ↓ sodium losses ?

A

Conn’s syndrome - aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma of the zona glomerulosa cells

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55
Q

Qué es hyponatremia ?

A

↓ serum sodium .

Consequence of excess free water, ↓ sodium intake or ↑ sodium loss.

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56
Q

Casos en los que se puede presentar hyponatremia ?

A
  • Addison’s disease of the adrenal glands - loss of the aldosterone-producing zona glomerulosa cortical cells.
    ( ↓ cortisol + ↓ aldosterone)
  • severe sweating in hot climates or during physical exertion - ‘heat exhaustion’ → combination of dehydration + hyponatraemia
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57
Q

↑ potassium into extracellular fluids

A

Hyperkalemia –> el potasio es un ion intracelular por lo que tiene que haber un extensive tissue necrosis

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58
Q

Valor de una hyperkalemia severa?

A

(>c. 6.5 mmol/L) → risk of cardiac arrest.

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59
Q

↓ serum potassium.

A

Hypokalemia

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60
Q

Causas de hypokalemia ?

A

excess loss from vomiting/diarrhea (loss of water, sodium and potassium)

cushing

uso de diureticos

Alcalosis metabolica

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61
Q

Quién regula los niveles de calcio ?

A
  • Vitamin D metabolite – 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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62
Q

Una hipercalcemia aguda puede causar ?

A

vomitos y poliuria

63
Q

Una hipercalcemia persistente puede causar

A

calcificación metastásica de tejidos and urinary calculi

64
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A
  • primary hyperparathyroidism (commonly due adenoma of the parathyroid glands)
  • Extensive skeletal metastases
  • PTH-like secretion from tumors - enhances the absorption of calcium and the osteoclastic erosion of bone.
  • Hypervitaminosis D.
65
Q

Que puede ocasionar una hypocalcemia ?

A
  • hipersensibilidad neuromuscular (tetania)

** Tetany - observed in patients with hysterical hyperventilation → ↓ ionized calcium concentration as the pH rises (due to excess elimination of carbon dioxide) rather than hypocalcaemia.

66
Q

Causas de hypocalcemia

A
  • accidental damage to or removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery.
  • renal disease (due to the failing kidney being able to produce 1α-hydroxylate 25-OH vitamin D)
  • vitamin D deficiency
  • intestinal malabsorption.
67
Q

El cuerpo tiene una tendencia a (acidosis/alcalosis)

A

acidosis

por CO2 from aerobic respiration, lactic acid from glycolysis, fatty acids from lipolysis.

68
Q

Quien detecta el pH en la sangre ?

A

sensed by chemoreceptors at the carotid bifurcations (carotid bodies)/ aortic arch/ the medulla of the brain.

69
Q

Acid–base balance regulated by:

A
  • elimination of CO2 by exhalation
  • renal excretion of hydrogen ions
  • metabolism of fatty and lactic acids
  • replenishment of bicarbonate ions
70
Q

Como se encuentra el pH en acidosis ? y en alcalosis ?

A

acidosis (pH<7.4)
alkalosis (pH>7.4).

71
Q

Qué ocasiona una acidosis respiratoria ?

A

X hypoventilation/inadequate gas transfer in the lungs.

↓ CO2 retained

72
Q

Como se compensa una acidosis respiratoria ?

A

Corrected by ↑ renal tubular reabsorption HCO3/ ↑ urinary loss of H+ (acidic)

73
Q

Causas de acidosis metabólica?

A

↑ production of H+/acids/inadequate excretion of such acids

74
Q

Compensación de una acidosis metabólica

A

hyperventilation (Kussmaul respiration) → blow off carbon dioxide → maintain the equilibrium.

75
Q

Causas de alcalosis respiratoria ?

A

x hyperventilation ( ↓ CO2)

76
Q

Corrección de alcalosis respiratoria ?

A

↑ urinary loss of HCO3

77
Q

Causas de alcalosis metabólica ?

A

x excess loss of acid (+común)

78
Q

Condiciones en las que se puede presentar una acidosis respiratoria aguda ?

A

asma
neumonia
resíratory impairement

79
Q

Condiciones en las que se puede presentar una acidosis respiratoria cronica ?

A

enfisema

80
Q

Condiciones en las que se puede presentar una acidosis metabólica aguda ?

A

cetoacidosis diabética

81
Q

Condiciones en las que se puede presentar una acidosis metabólica cronica ?

A

fallo renal

82
Q

Condiciones en las que se puede presentar una alcalosis respiratoria aguda?

A

hysterical hyperventilation

83
Q

Condiciones en las que se puede presentar una alcalosis respiratoria cronica ?

A

Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis

84
Q

Condiciones en las que se puede presentar una alcalosis metabólica aguda ?

A

Excess HCO3 administration

85
Q

Condiciones en las que se puede presentar una alcalosis metabólica crónica ?

A

Persistent vomiting

86
Q

Clinicopathological consequences of malnutrition ?

A

protein - energy malnutrition, vit deficiencies, combination of both.

87
Q

Qué es protein–energy malnutrition ?

A

insufficient protein, carbohydrate and fat in the diet

88
Q

En que puede resultar una malnutrición en niños ?

A

kwashiorkor/marasmus.

89
Q

Malnutrición en niños en la que se caracteriza por oedema which may belie the extreme wasting of the underlying tissues. Skin - scaly. Hair - loses colour.

↓ serum albumin → odema.

A

Kwashiorkor

90
Q

Causas de Kwashiorkor ?

A

off breast milk without the compensation of dietary protein

91
Q

Malnutrición en niños en el que hay severe emaciation rather than oedema. Skin wrinkled. Hair lost. Albumin - normal range. hypokalaemia and hyponatraemia (common)

A

Marasmo

92
Q

severe debilitation associated w/profound weight loss. Seen in Marasmus, but widely associated w/patients with cancer.

A

Cachexia

93
Q

Cuando hay una deficiencia de esta vitamina se ve afectado el glycolytic metabolism. Se ve afectado NS/heart ( peripheral neuropathy/cardiac failure) ?

A

Thiamine (B1) deficiency

94
Q

Función de la vitamina B12

A

essential for DNA synthesis

95
Q

Esta deficiencia causa impairs cellular regeneration → effects in hematopoietic tissues → megaloblastic changes ( ↓ glóbulos rojos/hemoglobina) and macrocytic anemia (erythrocytes w/insufficient concentration of hemoglobin)

A

Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency

96
Q

Causas de ↓ Folate:

A
  • dietary insufficiency (principal source is fresh vegetables)
  • intestinal malabsorption (e.g. coeliac disease)
  • increased utilization (e.g. pregnancy, tumour growth)
  • Antifolate drugs (e.g. methotrexate → retarda el crecimiento de cel cancerosas)
97
Q

Causas de ↓ Vit B12

A
  • autoimmune gastritis → loss of intrinsic factor → pernicious anaemia
  • Surgical removal of the stomach (gastric cancer)
  • Disease of the terminal ileum (Crohn’s disease)
  • Loops of bowel → bacterial overgrowth.
98
Q

Vitamina necesaria para la síntesis de colágeno

A

Vitamina C

99
Q

En que casos hay mayor predisposición de deficiencia vitamina C ?

A
  • more common in elderly people
  • chronic alcoholics
  • lack of fruit and vegetables.
100
Q

Qué puede causar una minor defiency de vitamina C

A

lassitude and an unusual susceptibility to bruising

101
Q

De que deriva la deficiencia de la vitamina D ?

A
  • lack of dietary vitamin D with inadequate sunlight
  • intestinal malabsorption of fat (vitamin D is fat-soluble)
  • impaired hydroxylation due to hepatic or renal disease
  • Childrens → rickets (defective mineralization of osteoid/growth plates)
  • Adults → osteomalacia (disorder of bone mineralizarion/ ↓ remodeling of preexisting bone)
102
Q

Para que se neceita la vitamina D ?

A

Necessary for normal calcium homeostasis (promotes absop of calcium/ ↑ osteoclastic resorption of bone and mobilization of calcium)

103
Q

Utilidad de la vitamina K ?

A

Essential for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X).

104
Q

Principal dietary source of vitamin K ?

A

vegetables, leguminous plants and liver

105
Q

Causes of Vit K deficiency ?

A

lack of dietary vitamin K
intestinal malabsorption of fat (vitamin K is fat-soluble).
Patients w/liver failure.

106
Q

Que presentan los pacientes con deficiencia de vitamina K ?

A

bruising and an abnormal bleeding tendency

107
Q

Qué se considera obesidad?

A

Body mass index equal or greater than 30. Calculated by dividing body weight (kg) by square of height (meters)

108
Q

Causas de obesidad?

A
  • Multifactorial (interaction between genetic and environmental factors).
  • Few cases, mutations of leptin gene or receptor.
109
Q

La obesidad aumenta el riesgo de cuáles enfermedades?

A

Ischaemic heart disease (atheroma)
DM 2
Hypertension
Osteoarthritis
Carcinomas of breast, endometrium and large bowl.
Postoperative complications (eg. deep leg vein thrombosis and wound infections).

110
Q

Criterios de diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico (síndrome X)?

A

Diagnostic criteria:
Central obesity
Impaired glucose tolerance (eg. type 2 diabetes)
Dyslipidemia
Hypertension

111
Q

What are the trace elements?

A

Are those present at a low concentration in a given situation. They cause disease when the body levels are higher or lower than normal.

112
Q

Consecuencias de exceso de aluminio en el cuerpo

A

Skeletal abnormalities (interfere in bone turnover) and encephalopathy → progressive dementia, epileptic fits and tremors.

113
Q

Función del cobre en el organismo

A

Essential for the function of several enzymes (eg. superoxide dismutase)

114
Q

Enfermedad autosómica recesiva en donde el cobre se acumula en el hígado, SNC (ganglios basales), ricos y ojos. Es la más relevante en el contexto del cobre.

A

Wilson disease.
Se debe considerar como posible diagnóstico en pacientes con hepatopatía crónica y signos neurológicos.

115
Q

Signo patognomónico de la enfermedad de Wilson

A

Brown ring of copper deposition around the corneal limbus (Kayser- Fleisher ring)

116
Q

Con qué enfermedad se relaciona la acumulación de cobre en el hígado?

A

Chronic hepatitis → cirrhosis

117
Q

Única función del yodo en humanos

A

Synthesis of thyroxine.
Ingesting excessive quantities of it has no serious adverse consequences

118
Q

Consecuencia de deficiencia de yodo

A

Goitre (bocio)

119
Q

Consecuencias de deficiencia de yodo en embarazadas

A

Cretinism in neonates (mental retardation and stunted growth

120
Q

Cuáles son los efectos tóxicos del plomo en el organismo

A

CNS and PNS damage, renal damage and sideroblastic anaemia

121
Q

Afecciones de mercurio en exceso

A

Neurotoxic.
Chronic poisoning results in blue line on the gums

122
Q

Consecuencias de deficiencia de selenio en el cuerpo

A

Cardiac failure
Hepatic necrosis

123
Q

Consecuencias de deficiencia de zinc en el cuerpo

A
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Acrodermatitis enteropathica
124
Q

Localizaciones normales de precipitación de calcio en el cuerpo

A

In bones, otoliths and teeth

125
Q

Proceso de enfermedad donde los tejidos se vuelven rígidos por depósitos de calcio

A

Calcificación

126
Q

Type of calcification that occurs in tissue already affected by disease.

A

Dystrophic

127
Q

Característica importante de la calcificación distrófica

A

The serum calcium concentrations are normal !!

128
Q

Lugares en donde normalmente se precipita el calcio en la calcificación distrófica

A

Atheromatous plaques
Congenitally bicuspid aortic valves
Calcification of mitral valve ring
Old tuberculous lesions
Fat necrosis
Breast lesions
Calcinosis cutis

Calcified lesions are detectable on an X-ray as opacities

129
Q

Consecuencias de la calcificación congénita de una válvula aórtica

A

Congenitally bicuspid aortic valve → stenosis → cardiac failure

130
Q

Mecanismo de la calcificación distrófica

A

Uncertain, except in fat necrosis →
fatty acids bind to calcium to form insoluble calcium soaps.

131
Q

Is one of the abnormalities looked for by radiologists in the interpretation of mammograms regarding calcification

A

Psammoma bodies

132
Q

Qué son los psammoma bodies?

A

Concentric lamellated calcified bodies in tumors like meningiomas, papillary carcinomas of thyroid and papillary ovarian carcinomas.

133
Q

Tipo de calcificación menos frecuente que la distrófica, que ocurre como resultado de hipercalcemia.

A

Metastásica

134
Q

Causas de calsificación metastásica

A
  • Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid hormone liberates calcium from bone → hypercalcaemia.
  • Hypercalcaemia of malignancy.
135
Q

Qué ocurre en una calcificación metastásica por hipercalcemia maligna?

A

In some malignant neoplasms, hypercalcaemia results from extensive bone erosion due to skeletal metastases or secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Calcium salts are deposited in connective tissues.

136
Q

Características de proteínas amiloides

A
  • Beta-pleated with affinity to certain dyes.
  • Fibrillar ultrastructure.
  • Presence of a glycoprotein of the pentraxin family (amyloid P protein)
  • Extracellular location (basement membranes).
  • Resistance to removal by natural processes.
  • Tendency to cause the affected tissues to become hardened and waxy.
137
Q

En qué órganos es normal encontrar pequeños depósitos de amiloide en adultos mayores

A

Spleen, brain, heart and joints

138
Q

Por qué el amiloide se queda permanentemente en los tejidos?

A

The body has no enzymes capable of digesting large beta-pleated molecules

139
Q

Tipos de amiloidosis

A

Sistémica y localizada

140
Q

Tipo de amiloidosis en la cual el material es depositado en una gran variedad de órganos, existe un agrandamiento difuso de los órganos (hepatomegalia, splenomegalia, macroglosia) y disfunción orgánica (falla cardiaca y proteinuria).

A

Sistémica

141
Q

Clasificaciones de la amiloidosis sistémica (5)

A
  • Myeloma-associated amyloidosis (primary)
  • Reactive (secondary) amyloidosis
  • Senile amyloidosis
  • Hemodialysis- associated amyloidosis
  • Hereditary amyloidosis
142
Q

Sustancia causante de la amiloidosis asociada a mieloma (primaria)

A

AL amyloid / immunoglobulin light chains

143
Q

Fisiopatología de la amiloidosis asociada a mieloma (primaria)

A

Myeloma: plasma cell tumor, arising in the bone marrow → extensive bone erosion. It produces excessive quantities of a single class immunoglobulin with a uniform light chain (which forms amyloid material in connective tissues)

144
Q

Sustancia causante de la amiloidosis reactiva (secundaria)

A

AA amyloid- Derived from amyloid protein A (synthetized by liver / acute phase reactant)

145
Q

Causa de la amiloidosis reactiva (secundaria)

A

Chronic inflammatory disorders.
Examples:
Rheumatoid disease
Bronchiectasis
Osteomyelitis

146
Q

Sustancia causante de la amiloidosis senil

A

Depositions of amyloid, derived from prealbumin.

May be found in the heart and in the walls of blood vessels

147
Q

Sustancia causante de la amiloidosis asociada a diálisis

A

Beta- 2 microglobulin

148
Q

Manifestaciones clínicas de la amiloidosis asociada a diálisis

A

Arthropathy
Carpal tunnel syndrome

149
Q

Tipos de amiloidosis hereditaria

A

Familial Mediterranean fever
Portuguese neuropathy
Finnish amyloidosis

150
Q

Type of amyloidosis which is often found in the stroma of tumors producing peptide hormones. Particularly characteristic of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In this case amyloid contains calcitonin molecules beta-pleated configuration

A

Localizado

151
Q

Most frequent sites of localized deposits of amyloid

A

Skin, lungs and urinary tract

152
Q

En adultos mayores, en qué enfermedades cerebrales se encuentran depósitos amiloides

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease (más frecuente)
    The amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease compromises A-beta protein complexed with apolipoprotein E (apoE). In several allelic variants, apoE4 is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease
  • Neuritic (senile) plaques.
  • The walls of small arteries (amyloid angiopathy).
153
Q

Manifestaciones clínicas de la amiloidosis

A
  • Nephrotic syndrome → renal failure → proteinuria.
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • Macroglossia
  • Purpura
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Coagulation factor X deficiency (in AL amyloid)

Amyloidosis may be suspected on organomegaly, specially hepatosplenomegaly

154
Q

Diagnóstico de amiloidosis

A

Biopsy of rectal mucosa (commonly involved in systemic amyloidosis). Biopsy can be stained with Congo Red or Sirius red dyes, or immunohistochemically using specific antibodies