Design Economics & Cost Planning Flashcards
- What types of estimate are there?
a) Budget / feasibility /Order of Cost Estimate
b) Cost estimate
c) Cost plan
- What is an order of cost estimate?
The determination of possible cost of a building(s) early in design stage in relation to the employer’s fundamental requirements.
- What is the format of an order of cost estimate?
- Rate per m2, per functional unit or elemental method
When would you prepare an order of Cost Estimate?
RIBA Stage 0 - Strategic Definition + RIBA Stage 1 - Preparation and Briefing
What is typically included in an order of cost estimate?
Facilitating Works Building Works Main Contractor Overhead + Profit Project/Design Team Fees Risk Allowance Inflation
What are the types of Risk?
Design Development Risks
Construction Risks
Employers Change Risk
Employer’s Other Risk
What is a functional unit?
- The ‘factors which express the intended use of the building better than any other’
- E.g. number of bedrooms in a hotel, number of beds in a hospital
- What are the principal components of a cost estimate?
- Construction cost
- Preliminaries
- Contractor’s OH&P
- Contingency/risk allowance
- Inflation
- Assumptions - programme
- Exclusions
- Area Schedule
- Basis of Estimate – drawings / specifications list
- What is a cost estimate?
- A forecast of the possible cost of a building based on historical data
- What is usually excluded from a cost estimate
- Professional fees
- VAT
- Client decant costs
- Loose fixtures and fittings
- Inflation
- Site acquisition costs
- Section 106s
- Removal of asbestos
- Why is VAT excluded from a Cost Estimate?
- Because different clients will incur different levels of VAT, might not be applicable
- We would not be in a position to know the correct rate unless informed of it
- What is contingency/risk allowance?
- A sum included in the estimate to cover unknown expenses or unmitigated risks during the project
How is Contingency/Risk Allowance assessed
- The amount included should reflect the risks and unknowns specific to the project
- During early estimates when little information is available it is common to include a %
- This should reduce as more information becomes available and the unknowns decrease
- % will differ based on the type of project
- What are preliminaries?
- They define the scope of works
- Include the project particulars, lists of drawings, description of the site, scope of work, details of management arrangements
- Often contain items for pricing which are general items needed by the contractor to carry out the work that cannot be attributed to specific items of work
- Where do you find the guidelines to prepare preliminaries?
NRM1
- Name some preliminaries sections
- management and staff
- site establishment,
- temporary services,
- security,
- safety and environmental protection,
- control and protection,
- plant,
- temporary works,
- the maintenance of site records,
- completion and post-completion requirements,
- cleaning,
- fees and charges,
- sites services and insurances,
- bonds,
- guarantees
- warranties.
- What should be considered when assessing preliminaries levels?
a) Length of contract
b) Location – accessibility, space restrictions, accommodation possibilities etc
c) Type of project – new build / refurb, tower / one story etc
d) Size of project
e) Need for temporary works
f) Need for security
g) Limitations on method and sequencing of works, working hours – supervision requirements
h) Sectional completion
i) Availability of services
j) Level of contractor’s designed works
- What information do you need to be able to carry out an order of cost estimate?
- Location
- Building use
- Floor Area
- Indicative Programme
- Site Conditions
- Any exclusion of inclusion requirements (EG design team fees)
- How do you take account of inflation when benchmarking / cost estimating?
- Through the use of TPIs
- What does TPI stand for?
- Tender Price Index
- Where can you get TPI information from?
- BCIS
- In house forecasts
- How do you take account of location?
- Through the application of location indices
- Why do you need to take account of location?
- Different market conditions in different locations
- Different cost of materials, different wage rates etc – impact on tender levels
- What does BCIS stand for?
- Building Cost Information Service
What is the BCIS?
- Provides construction cost and price information through publications, online services and price books
- What is an elemental cost plan?
- Presents the estimated cost into a structural elemental or functional format
- It shows how the design team proposes to distribute the funds available on the elements of the proposed building.
- What is the purpose of a cost plan?
- It is used by the cost consultant to control the development of the design
- It identifies the client’s agreed cost limit and how the money is to be allocated to the different parts of the building.
- What is the difference between a cost estimate and a cost plan?
- Cost plan is a plan of costs for the works in preparation for turning into a cost report to check against.
- Estimate is a forecast of construction cost
- What is buildability?
- Harnessing the contractor’s expertise and knowledge during the design stage
- What are the advantages of buildability?
- Better programming, sequencing and construction methods – a quicker construction time
- Lower capital and life cycle costs
- Improved quality in the finished building’s performance and maintenance characteristics
- What is a wall to floor ratio?
- This shows the relationship between wall area and floor area
- It is used to show the cost efficiency of the building
- The lower the ratio the cheaper the building as there is less external wall area per m2 of floor area
- What is the most efficient building shape?
- A circle (best wall to floor ratio)
- BUT this is not the most efficient shape as it has a poor lettable floor area – difficult to fit out
- THEREFORE a square is the best
- What is the difference between cost and price?
- Cost is the total of labour, plant, materials and management deployed for a specific activity
- Price is the amount a purchaser / client will pay for an item or product – it is cost plus profit
- What information would you expect the design team to provide at RIBA stage 3?
- Detailed design information approaching that of tender documentation.
- How would you prepare an estimate for M&E works?
- I would ask an M&E specialist surveyor to undertake the estimate
- For feasibility estimates the M&E amount would be included in the m2/functional unit rate
- What is GEA?
- Gross External Area
- This is the area of the building measured externally at each floor level
- What is GIA?
- Gross Internal Area
- This is the area of the building measured to the internal face of the perimeter wall at each floor level
- Excludes external open sided balconies, fire escapes, canopies, external walls, fuel stores